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Nystagmus and Nystagmoid Eye Movements
Book chapter

Nystagmus and Nystagmoid Eye Movements

Matthew J Thurtell and Michael Chiang
Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, pp.6813-6842
Springer International Publishing, Fourth edition
04/23/2022
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_284

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Abstract

Ocular oscillations are commonly encountered in clinical practice and can cause visual symptoms, such as oscillopsia, blurred vision, and difficulty reading. Nystagmus is an oscillatory movement of the eyes that is initiated by a slow phase movement. Nystagmus can have a jerk waveform with corrective quick phase movements or a pendular waveform with slow phase movements in both directions. Nystagmus can be congenital, as in infantile nystagmus syndrome, or acquired. Saccadic intrusions and oscillations, in contrast with nystagmus, are initiated by a saccadic eye movement that takes the eyes away from the visual target. Small infrequent saccadic intrusions can occur in normal humans, but frequent saccadic intrusions and saccadic oscillations mostly occur in the setting of neurologic disease. Most ocular oscillations can be accurately diagnosed on the basis of a thorough history and a systematic evaluation of the characteristics of the oscillations, although eye movement recordings are sometimes necessary for definitive diagnosis. In this chapter, the pathogenesis, clinical features, and common causes of congenital and acquired forms of nystagmus, saccadic intrusions, saccadic oscillations, and other nystagmoid eye movements are reviewed. Treatment approaches for the oscillations are also discussed, where relevant.
 Acquired pendular nystagmus Alexander’s law Bruns’ nystagmus Central vestibular nystagmus Convergence-retraction nystagmus Dix-Hallpike maneuver Downbeat nystagmus Epileptic nystagmus Foveation periods Fusional maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome Gaze-evoked nystagmus Head-shaking nystagmus Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon Infantile nystagmus syndrome Latent nystagmus Macrosaccadic oscillations Manifest latent nystagmus Neural integrator Null position Nystagmus Ocular bobbing Ocular flutter Oculomasticatory myorhythmia Oculopalatal tremor Opsoclonus Oscillopsia Periodic alternating nystagmus Peripheral vestibular nystagmus Physiologic end-point nystagmus Rebound nystagmus Saccadic intrusions Saccadic oscillations Seesaw nystagmus Spasmus nutans syndrome Square-wave jerks Superior oblique myokymia Torsional nystagmus Upbeat nystagmus Vestibular nystagmus Voluntary nystagmus

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