Dissertation
Evaluating the influence of facilitation in community pharmacy practice transformation: identifying the success factors
University of Iowa
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), University of Iowa
Summer 2023
DOI: 10.25820/etd.006972
Abstract
Background: Our objectives in this research are to (1) Evaluate the perceived practice transformation in a sample of pharmacies participating in cohorts 1 and 2 of Flip the Pharmacy (FtP), (2) Analyze the association between facilitation strategy and practice transformation for this sample and (3) Identify strategies and factors for successful facilitation. The FtP program is a partnership between the Community Pharmacy Foundation (CPF) and Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Network (CPESN) USA. This initiative, which started in October 2019, aims to transform pharmacy practice to be patient-centered and professionally sustainable through hands-on coaching. The coaching process with the tools used to implement the program (i.e., change packages, eCare platforms) is referred to as program facilitation. There are limited data on the factors that affect practice transformation in a community pharmacy and the characteristics of effective and successful facilitation. Understanding these factors and characteristics can help us design better programs that can lead to successful and sustainable pharmacy practice transformation.
Methods: We used a cross-sectional quantitative survey for pharmacies participating in cohorts 1 and 2 of the FtP program at the national level (n=809). Mixed mode survey administration of web and mail was used. The survey has five main sections. The first one addresses practice transformation using 5 work components of the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model: People, organization, tools and technologies, tasks, and environment. The second section has questions on facilitation; facilitator’s strategy, activities, and tools using a 5-point Likert scale. The third section has questions to evaluate overall practice transformation using a scale from 0 to 10. The last two sections address demographics and pharmacy characteristics.
Data analysis included descriptive statistics, reliability measurement for SEIPS components, facilitation activities and strategies, and perceived transformation items. Linear regression was used to measure both: (1) perceived overall practice transformation, the average score of perceived practice transformation as the dependent variable, and the following independent variables: facilitation strategy, tools, activities. (2) the association between facilitation strategy and practice transformation (represented by the SEIPS components as dependent variables) and the correspondent facilitation activity as the independent variable.
Results: Perceived overall practice transformation is positively associated with coaching facilitation strategy (0.365, P <0.01), facilitation tools (0.37, P <0.01), and staffing (0.193, P <0.01). Cohort 1 had a higher Perceived overall practice transformation compared to cohort 2. We also found that the facilitator’s activities and facilitation tools are significant predictors for practice transformation in different work system components.
Conclusion: In this study, we found that pharmacists were positively influenced by the program facilitator’s coaching strategy and activities. Additionally, we found that facilitation tools are important to successfully engage pharmacists in practice transformation. Using SEIPS work system components presents a holistic view of practice transformation in a community pharmacy setting. Future Studies are needed to build on these results.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Evaluating the influence of facilitation in community pharmacy practice transformation: identifying the success factors
- Creators
- Arwa A Al-Khatib
- Contributors
- William R Doucette (Advisor)Julie Urmie (Committee Member)Korey Kennelty (Committee Member)Stevie Veach (Committee Member)
- Resource Type
- Dissertation
- Degree Awarded
- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), University of Iowa
- Degree in
- Pharmacy
- Date degree season
- Summer 2023
- Publisher
- University of Iowa
- DOI
- 10.25820/etd.006972
- Number of pages
- xiv, 126 pages
- Copyright
- Copyright 2023 Arwa A. Al-Khatib
- Language
- English
- Date submitted
- 07/03/2023
- Description illustrations
- illustrations, tables, graphs
- Description bibliographic
- Includes bibliographical references (pages 104-109).
- Public Abstract (ETD)
- Community pharmacies are adapting to change by expanding their patient care services. Several initiatives and programs for patient care services have been implemented in community pharmacy practice as a single or pilot. Programs and interventions usually are facilitated by utilizing practice coaches and evidence-based information to guide the transformation. Nonetheless, implementing and sustaining the transformation remains a challenging process, only about 30% have shown successful organizational transformation.
My research objective is to identify community pharmacy practice transformation barriers and facilitators and investigate how practice coaches can influence transformation at the pharmacy. We surveyed a sample of community pharmacies enrolled in a practice transformation program. We asked them questions about different transformation aspects, including the people’s knowledge and confidence in what they do, their organization, the tools, and technologies used, their tasks, and their external and internal work environment. We also asked about the coaching strategy, activities, and facilitation tools used, and their perceived practice transformation.
Our results showed that pharmacies' transformation was higher when coaching strategy was used, we also found that the facilitation tools are a key predictor in all practice transformation aspects. Moreover, we found that a specific coaching activity is linked to transformation in a specific aspect, which allows us to formulate actionable strategies to help better execute, design, or re-design transformation programs in the future. In conclusion we found that practice transformation is influenced by coaching strategy and the tools used. In an era of constant change, future research is needed to build on our results.
- Academic Unit
- Pharmacy
- Record Identifier
- 9984454541202771
Metrics
6 File views/ downloads
26 Record Views