Thesis
Arch variation in relatives of individuals with orofacial clefts using 3D dental casts
University of Iowa
Master of Science (MS), University of Iowa
Spring 2019
DOI: 10.17077/etd.bjgj-3291
Abstract
<p>Introduction: Dento-alveolar anomalies associated with Orofacial clefts (OFCs) can present with a wide range of variation. This vast diversity makes it difficult to pinpoint their specific etiology. For instance, differentiating anomalies that arise as a consequence of the physical effects of the cleft itself or from the same biological processes that result on clefting, from those that likely occur as a sequela from the surgical repair is a challenge. One approach that can aid this differentiation is to study if first degree relatives of children with clefts whom themselves do not have an overt cleft but may carry genetic cleft risk, are more likely to present some of these anomalies. If so, the elevated risk on these seemingly unaffected relatives will indicate that the particular anomaly arises as a consequence of the molecular pathways that give rise to cleft risk rather than from the physical consequences of the cleft or the surgical repairs. Understanding the different etiological factors underlying dental anomalies within the cleft phenotypic spectrum is a fundamental step for prevention and better management of such anomalies.</p>
<p>Amongst the most common dento-alveolar anomalies seen in children born with OFC are tooth size-arch length discrepancies and dento-alveolar shape irregularities, mostly studied in the maxillary arches. Such arch irregularities lead to moderate or severe malocclusions. It is not well known if unaffected family members (UFM) of children with clefts are also susceptible to such dento-alveolar shape irregularities and thus their etiology is not well understood. This study aims to characterize 3D variation in dento-alveolar shape as part of the cleft phenotypic spectrum in UFMs of individuals with OFCs compared to controls with no history of OFC.</p>
<p>Methods: A total of 760 maxillary and 760 mandibular casts were digitally scanned using a NextEngine Laser scanner and digitized by two raters with 92 landmarks for maxilla and 94 landmarks for mandible, covering gingival margins and occlusal surfaces via Landmark Editor Software. A reliability of 88.15% was obtained for an interrater agreement error of less than 1mm for all landmarks obtained. 3D coordinates were extracted and registered using a Procrustes fit procedure. Procrustes residuals were analyzed via canonical variate analyses to capture differences in 3D shape between cases and controls. Of the 760 maxillary individuals attempted, 535 (Cases N=133, Controls=402) had all 92 landmarks and 688 (Cases=192, Controls496) had at least 40 landmarks in the canine to canine region. Of the 760 mandibular individuals attempted, 434 (Cases N=99, Controls=335) had all 94 landmarks and 611 (Cases=180, Controls=431) had at least 40landmarks in the canine to canine region. Thus analyses were done separately for each subsample.</p>
<p>Results: Case-control differences were not significant (P=0.11) for overall maxillary dental arch shape. However, for the maxillary canine to canine dataset, significant differences were found (P=0.02 for raw Procrustes distance, P<0.0001 for Mahalanobis distance). Case-control differences were significant (P=0.02) for overall mandibular dental arch shape. Significant shape differences were also found for the mandibular canine to canine dataset (P=0.01 for raw Procrustes distance, P<0.0001 for Mahalanobis distance). In other words, there is better separation between cases and controls for the mandibular dataset compared to the maxillary dataset (P=0.11 for the maxillary full arch). Cases had maxillary and mandibular anterior dentitions that were overall retrusive, with anterior teeth that significantly tapered towards the incisal third with larger interproximal incisal embrasures and height to width rations that deviate from ideal ratios (i.e. width is ~70% of the height) due to an overall decrease in crown height. Also, incisal edges seem to flare outwards from the arch line when compared to controls. Moreover, case arch forms trend towards a “v” shape, resembling a Bonwill-Hawley arch shape compared to a “u” shape in the controls.</p>
<p>Conclusions: Upper anterior, lower anterior and overall arch shape significantly differ between UFM of individuals with OFC and controls. The most significant differences were located in the maxillary and mandibular anterior dentitions, where cases were more retrusive overall with incisal edges that were tapered and flared, displaying large embrasures and tapered and flared, displayed large embrasures when compared to controls. The phenotypic differences identified in this study contribute to the understanding of the cleft phenotypic spectrum aiding future studies of cleft etiology and cleft risk prediction.</p>
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Arch variation in relatives of individuals with orofacial clefts using 3D dental casts
- Creators
- Eric Jason Bell - University of Iowa
- Contributors
- Lina M. Moreno Uribe (Advisor)Steven Miller (Committee Member)Kyungsup Shin (Committee Member)Shankar Rengasamy Venugopalan (Committee Member)
- Resource Type
- Thesis
- Degree Awarded
- Master of Science (MS), University of Iowa
- Degree in
- Orthodontics
- Date degree season
- Spring 2019
- DOI
- 10.17077/etd.bjgj-3291
- Publisher
- University of Iowa
- Number of pages
- xi, 72 pages
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2019 Eric Jason Bell
- Language
- English
- Description illustrations
- color illustrations
- Description bibliographic
- Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-72).
- Public Abstract (ETD)
Individuals born with cleft lip/palate present a vast array of dental anomalies including dento-alveolar shape deformities at a much higher incidence than the general public. The cause of such anomalies is multifactorial including inherited factors and adverse effects of the cleft itself or from surgeries needed for cleft correction at a young age. Although distinguishing between the etiological mechanisms underlying these anomalies is fundamental for treatment and prevention, such distinction remains very challenging.
If the cause is genetic, then unaffected family members (UFM) of individuals with clefts who share genetic risk will present the same or similar dental anomalies. Conversely, if the cause was purely due to the physical presence of the cleft or the corrective procedures then UFMs should not have a higher risk than the general population. This study evaluated dento-alveolar shape anomalies in UFMs compared to control individuals with no history of cleft risk. Over 1500 3-dimensional dental casts (760 maxillary and 760 mandibular) were scanned and landmarked with 92 maxillary and 94 mandibular land marks. Geometric shape analyses indicated that there were significant differences between UFMs and the controls for the canine to canine region. UFMs showed more retrusive dentitions overall, with incisal edges that were tapered and flared, displaying large interdental embrasures compared to controls. Such features seemed related to the cleft phenotypic spectrum and their etiology is most likely genetic. In other words, there is likely a correlation between such dento-alveolar shape differences and having genetic variants responsible for cleft lip/palate.
- Academic Unit
- Orthodontics; Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center
- Record Identifier
- 9983777088402771
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