Journal article
A Clinical Tool to Relate Youth Risk Factors to Adult Cardiovascular Events and Type 2 Diabetes: The i3C Consortium
The Journal of pediatrics, Vol.276, 114277
01/2025
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114277
PMCID: PMC12360424
PMID: 39233120
Abstract
Objective: To translate data relating childhood cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and adult CV disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to clinically actionable values.
Study design: A prospective observational study (n=38,589) in the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. Children at age 3 through 19 years were enrolled in the 1970s and 1980s and followed for over 30 years. Five childhood CV risk factors (smoking, body mass index [BMI], systolic blood pressure [SBP], triglycerides [TG], and total cholesterol [TC]) were related to adult CV events. Secondary analyses in a subset included low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose and insulin level. Age- and sex-specific z-scores were calculated for each risk factor, and a combined-risk z-score was calculated by averaging z-scores for the 5 key CV risk factors. Risk factor z-scores were back-transformed to natural units for clinical interpretation, with hazard ratios for adult CV events presented in color coded tables (green: no increased risk; orange: 1.4 to <2.0-fold increased risk; red: at least doubling of risk). Risk levels for development of adult T2DM based on BMI, glucose, and insulin were similarly calculated and presented.
Results: Increased risk for CV events was observed at levels lower than currently defined abnormal clinical thresholds except for TC. Doubling of risk was observed at high normal levels just below the clinical cut point for abnormality. Risk for adult T2DM began at levels of BMI and glucose currently considered normal.
Conclusion: Based on data showing significant relationships between childhood CV risk factors and adult CV events and T2DM, this study shows that risk in childhood begins below levels currently considered normal.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- A Clinical Tool to Relate Youth Risk Factors to Adult Cardiovascular Events and Type 2 Diabetes: The i3C Consortium
- Creators
- Jessica Haley - Rady Children's Hospital-San DiegoJessica G. Woo - Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterDavid R. Jacobs - University of MinnesotaLydia Bazzano - Tulane UniversityStephen Daniels - University of Colorado DenverTerry Dwyer - University of OxfordMarkus Juonala - University of TurkuOlli Raitakari - Turku University HospitalAlan Sinaiko - University of MinnesotaJulia Steinberger - University of MinnesotaAlison Venn - University of TasmaniaKara M. Whitaker - University of IowaElaine M. Urbina - Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- The Journal of pediatrics, Vol.276, 114277
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114277
- PMID
- 39233120
- PMCID
- PMC12360424
- NLM abbreviation
- J Pediatr
- ISSN
- 0022-3476
- eISSN
- 1097-6833
- Publisher
- MOSBY-ELSEVIER
- Grant note
Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (HL121230) . Historical funding sources for cohorts in the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium are listed in our previous publication. 5 J.W., D.J., L.B., T.D., M.J., O.R., A.S., J.S., A.V., and E.U. received grant funding for this project from the NIH. E.U. also received grant funding from DSMB Astellas Pharma, and Honorarium Targus Medical Inc. The other authors have no disclosures or relationships with industry to report.
- Language
- English
- Electronic publication date
- 09/2024
- Date published
- 01/2025
- Academic Unit
- Epidemiology; Health, Sport, and Human Physiology
- Record Identifier
- 9984701408302771
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