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Advances in Gene Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Advances in Gene Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review

Noor Us Sabah Ahmad and Tahreem A. Mir
Journal of clinical medicine, Vol.15(8), 3097
04/18/2026
DOI: 10.3390/jcm15083097
url
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15083097View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness and vision impairment in individuals over 60 years of age in the United States (US). Despite this, current treatment options have limitations related to drug efficacy and durability. Gene therapy provides a potential solution by providing a more durable and longer- acting treatment option that can decrease treatment burden and improve long-term visual outcomes. This review presents the current treatment approaches, routes of administration, and vectors being investigated for gene therapy delivery in AMD. It also provides an update on the ongoing gene therapy clinical trials for dry and wet AMD. As these therapies advance into later-stage clinical trials, ophthalmologists need to be mindful of the many challenges pertaining to gene therapy delivery, including safety, limitations related to immunogenicity, long-term ocular and systemic side effects, and potential barriers to drug manufacturing and access. Continued efforts are required to improve precision, safety, and efficacy, including identifying the safest and most effective vectors and delivery routes, and minimizing potential adverse effects. In addition, guidelines need to be established to guide appropriate patient selection before gene therapy can be integrated into clinical practice.
 Gene Therapy age-related macular degeneration neovascular age-related macular degeneration vascular endothelial growth factor viral vectors

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