Journal article
Assessment of fluoride bio-accessibility in early childhood diets
Frontiers in oral health, Vol.6, 1526262
02/06/2025
DOI: 10.3389/froh.2025.1526262
PMCID: PMC11839772
PMID: 39981123
Abstract
Introduction: Currently available dietary recommendations for fluoride provided as “adequate intake” (AI) and “tolerable upper intake level” (UL) assume 100% fluoride availability for utilization by the body, which is often not the case. To prevent the development of dental fluorosis, AI and UL values must include fluoride bioavailability. However, the lack of data on fluoride bioavailability/bio-accessibility has hindered progress so far. This study aimed to measure fluoride bio-accessibility of the dietary sources commonly consumed by children below four years of age.
Methods: A total of 103 food and meal samples were purchased, prepared, and analyzed for fluoride content, subjected to a standardized static in vitro digestion procedure and subsequent determination of fluoride concentration of resultant mixtures necessary for the final fluoride bio-accessibility calculation. Fluoride concentrations before and after in vitro digestion were determined directly using a fluoride-ion-selective electrode after addition of TISAB III, or indirectly by an acid diffusion method. Additionally, fluoride concentration of milk samples was determined using a combination of microwave-assisted acid digestion and the direct method of fluoride analysis.
Results: Mean (SD) fluoride bio-accessibility for individual food samples was 44.7% (37.5%). The mean (SD) fluoride bio-accessibilities for meals created with juice, carbonated drinks, tap water, and milk were 79.0% (21.9%), 64.3% (20.7%), 40.2% (20.9%), and 71.5% (17.1%), respectively. For the rest of the meals with no common mixing agent, the mean (SD) fluoride bio-accessibility was 50.8% (55.9%).
Conclusion: The majority of dietary sources analyzed in this project resulted in fluoride bio-accessibilities below 100%, indicating incomplete utilization of consumed fluoride. As the first study of its kind, these findings represent a critical initial step for future research and provide valuable insights to inform policymakers and health authorities in revising fluoride intake guidelines.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Assessment of fluoride bio-accessibility in early childhood diets
- Creators
- Jelena Kronic - Teesside UniversityRalph M. Duckworth - Teesside UniversityClaudio Angione - Teesside UniversitySteven M. Levy - University of IowaFatemeh Vida Zohoori - Teesside University
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Frontiers in oral health, Vol.6, 1526262
- DOI
- 10.3389/froh.2025.1526262
- PMID
- 39981123
- PMCID
- PMC11839772
- NLM abbreviation
- Front Oral Health
- ISSN
- 2673-4842
- eISSN
- 2673-4842
- Publisher
- FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
- Grant note
- European Union: 801604
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This article is based on a thesis entitled "Predictor of fluorosis: total fluoride intake or subsequent fluoride absorption?" submitted to Teesside University, UK, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a PhD degree by JK, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801604.
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 02/06/2025
- Academic Unit
- Preventive and Community Dentistry; Epidemiology
- Record Identifier
- 9984790971002771
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