Journal article
Association of Urinary Sodium/Potassium Ratio with Blood Pressure: Sex and Racial Differences
Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Vol.7(2), pp.315-322
02/01/2012
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.02060311
PMCID: PMC3280031
PMID: 22114147
Abstract
Background and objectives Previous studies reporting an association between high BP and high sodium and low potassium intake or urinary sodium/potassium ratio (U[Na+]/[K+]) primarily included white men and did not control for cardiovascular risk factors.
Design, setting, participants, & measurements This cross-sectional study investigated the association of U[Na+]/[K+] with BP in 3303 participants using robust linear regression.
Results Mean age was 43 +/- 10 years, 56% of participants were women, and 52% were African American. BP was higher in African Americans than in non African Americans, 131/81 +/- 1-20/11 versus 120/76 +/- 16/9 mmHg (P<0.001). Mean U[Na+]/[K+] was 4.4 +/- 3.0 in African Americans and 4.1 +/- 2.5 in non-African Americans (P=0.002), with medians (interquartile ranges) of 3.7 (3.2) and 3.6 (2.8). Systolic BP increased by 1.6 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 1.0, 2.2) and diastolic BP by 1.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 0.6, 1.4) for each 3-unit increase in U[Na+]/[K+] (P<0.001 for both). This association remained significant after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol, GFR, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio. There was no interaction between African-American race and U[Na+]/[K+], but for any given value of U[Na+]/[K+], both systolic BP and diastolic BP were higher in African Americans than in non African Americans. The diastolic BP increase was higher in men than in women per 3-unit increase in U[Na+]/ [K+] (1.6 versus 0.9 mmHg, interaction P=0.03).
Conclusions Dietary Na+ excess and K+ deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension independent of cardiovascular risk factors. This association may be more pronounced in men than in women. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 315-322, 2012. doi; 10.2215/CJN.02060311
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Association of Urinary Sodium/Potassium Ratio with Blood Pressure: Sex and Racial Differences
- Creators
- S. Susan Hedayati - VA North Texas Health Care SystemAbu T. Minhajuddin - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterAdeel Ijaz - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterOrson W. Moe - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterEssam F. Elsayed - VA North Texas Health Care SystemRobert F. Reilly - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterChou-Long Huang - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Vol.7(2), pp.315-322
- DOI
- 10.2215/CJN.02060311
- PMID
- 22114147
- PMCID
- PMC3280031
- NLM abbreviation
- Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
- ISSN
- 1555-9041
- eISSN
- 1555-905X
- Publisher
- Amer Soc Nephrology
- Number of pages
- 8
- Grant note
- P30DK079328 / University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center O'Brien Kidney Research Core Center Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism Donald W. Reynolds Foundation Simmons Family Foundation M01-RR00633 / USPHS GCRC from the National Center for Research Resources of the National institutes of Health P30DK079328 / NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) M01RR000633 / NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH RESOURCES; United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 02/01/2012
- Academic Unit
- Nephrology; Internal Medicine
- Record Identifier
- 9984359585802771
Metrics
20 Record Views