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Bacterial and viral co-infections complicating severe influenza: Incidence and impact among 507 U.S. patients, 2013–14
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Bacterial and viral co-infections complicating severe influenza: Incidence and impact among 507 U.S. patients, 2013–14

Nirav S Shah, Jared A Greenberg, Moira C McNulty, Kevin S Gregg, James Riddell, Julie E Mangino, Devin M Weber, Courtney L Hebert, Natalie S Marzec, Michelle A Barron, …
Journal of clinical virology, Vol.80, pp.12-19
07/2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.04.008
PMCID: PMC7185824
PMID: 27130980
url
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2016.04.008View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

•22.5% of adult patients with H1N1 developed bacterial co-infection.•Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of co-infection.•Bacterial and viral co-infections were associated with death in bivariate.•Patients with a bacterial co-infection had greater use of resources. Influenza acts synergistically with bacterial co-pathogens. Few studies have described co-infection in a large cohort with severe influenza infection. To describe the spectrum and clinical impact of co-infections. Retrospective cohort study of patients with severe influenza infection from September 2013 through April 2014 in intensive care units at 33 U.S. hospitals comparing characteristics of cases with and without co-infection in bivariable and multivariable analysis. Of 507 adult and pediatric patients, 114 (22.5%) developed bacterial co-infection and 23 (4.5%) developed viral co-infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of co-infection, isolated in 47 (9.3%) patients. Characteristics independently associated with the development of bacterial co-infection of adult patients in a logistic regression model included the absence of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.41 [0.23–0.73], p=0.003), leukocytosis (>11K/μl, OR 3.7 [2.2–6.2], p<0.001; reference: normal WBC 3.5–11K/μl) at ICU admission and a higher ICU admission SOFA score (for each increase by 1 in SOFA score, OR 1.1 [1.0–1.2], p=0.001). Bacterial co-infections (OR 2.2 [1.4–3.6], p=0.001) and viral co-infections (OR 3.1 [1.3–7.4], p=0.010) were both associated with death in bivariable analysis. Patients with a bacterial co-infection had a longer hospital stay, a longer ICU stay and were likely to have had a greater delay in the initiation of antiviral administration than patients without co-infection (p<0.05) in bivariable analysis. Bacterial co-infections were common, resulted in delay of antiviral therapy and were associated with increased resource allocation and higher mortality.
Severe influenza ICU Co-infection Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 Staphylococcus aureus MRSA

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