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Brain Histopathology of Adult Decedents After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Brain Histopathology of Adult Decedents After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Imad R Khan, Yang Gu, Benjamin P George, Laura Malone, Kyle S Conway, Fabienne Francois, Jack Donlon, Nadim Quazi, Ashwin Reddi, Cheng-Ying Ho, …
Neurology, Vol.96(9), pp.e1278-e1289
03/02/2021
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011525
PMID: 33472914
url
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8055323View
Open Access

Abstract

To test the hypothesis that brain injury is more common and varied in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) than radiographically observed, we described neuropathology findings of ECMO decedents and associated clinical factors from 3 institutions. We conducted a retrospective multicenter observational study of brain autopsies from adult ECMO recipients. Pathology findings were examined for correlation with demographics, clinical data, ECMO characteristics, and outcomes. Forty-three decedents (n = 13 female, median age 47 years) received autopsies after undergoing ECMO for acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 14), cardiogenic shock (n = 14), and cardiac arrest (n = 15). Median duration of ECMO was 140 hours, most decedents (n = 40) received anticoagulants; 60% (n = 26) underwent venoarterial ECMO, and 40% (n = 17) underwent venovenous ECMO. Neuropathology was found in 35 decedents (81%), including microhemorrhages (37%), macrohemorrhages (35%), infarctions (47%), and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (n = 17, 40%). Most pathology occurred in frontal neocortices (n = 43 occurrences), basal ganglia (n = 33), and cerebellum (n = 26). Decedents with hemorrhage were older (median age 57 vs 38 years, = 0.01); those with hypoxic brain injury had higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (8.0 vs 2.0, = 0.04); and those with infarction had lower peak Paco (53 vs 61 mm Hg, = 0.04). Six of 9 patients with normal neuroimaging results were found to have pathology on autopsy. The majority underwent withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (n = 32, 74%), and 2 of 8 patients with normal brain autopsy underwent withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy for suspected neurologic injury. Neuropathological findings after ECMO are common, varied, and associated with various clinical factors. Further study on underlying mechanisms is warranted and may guide ECMO management.
Adult Anticoagulants - therapeutic use Autopsy Brain - pathology Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - adverse effects Female Heart Arrest - therapy Humans Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain - pathology Intracranial Hemorrhages - pathology Male Middle Aged Multiple Organ Failure - pathology Myocardial Infarction - pathology Respiratory Distress Syndrome - therapy Retrospective Studies Shock, Cardiogenic - therapy Withholding Treatment

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