Journal article
Chocolate consumption in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality in women: the Women's Health Initiative
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol.123(6), pp.902-911.e3
06/2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.12.007
PMID: 36549566
Abstract
Chocolate contains both potentially harmful components (i.e., stearic acid and added sugar) and beneficial components (i.e., phenolics and flavonoids). Despite its popularity, long-term health effects of chocolate consumption remain unclear.
The aim of this study was to examine the association of chocolate consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
This is a prospective cohort study.
/setting This study included 84,709 postmenopausal women free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer at baseline in the Observational Study and Clinical Trials control arm of the prospective Women's Health Initiative cohort who were enrolled during 1993-1998. These women were followed through March 2018.
The outcomes included all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality from CVD, cancer and dementia.
Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted HRs of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality.
During 1,608,856 person-years of follow up (19.0 years on average [SD=4.2]), 25,388 deaths occurred, including 7,069 deaths from CVD, 7,030 deaths from cancer, and 3,279 deaths from dementia. After adjustment for a variety of covariates, compared to no chocolate consumption, the HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality were 0.95 (0.92, 0.98), 0.93 (0.89, 0.96), 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) and 0.90 (0.84, 0.97) for <1 serving/week, 1-3 servings/week, 4-6 servings/week, and ≥1 serving/day of chocolate consumption, respectively (P for trend = 0.02). For CVD mortality, compared to no chocolate consumption, the HRs (95% CIs) were 0.96 (0.91, 1.01), 0.88 (0.82, 0.95), 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) and 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) for <1 serving/week, 1-3 servings/week, 4-6 servings/week, and ≥1 serving/day of chocolate consumption, respectively (P for trend = 0.45). For dementia mortality, compared to no chocolate consumption, the HRs (95% CIs) were 0.91 (0.84, 0.99), 0.89 (0.80, 0.99), 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) and 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) for <1 serving/week, 1-3 servings/week, 4-6 servings/week, and ≥1 serving/day of chocolate consumption, respectively (P for trend = 0.95). Chocolate consumption was not associated with cancer mortality.
The results suggested modest inverse association of chocolate consumption with mortality from all causes, CVD or dementia, specifically for a moderate chocolate consumption of 1-3 servings/week.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Chocolate consumption in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality in women: the Women's Health Initiative
- Creators
- Yangbo SunBuyun Liu - University of IowaLinda G Snetselaar - University of IowaRobert B Wallace - University of IowaAladdin H Shadyab - University of California San DiegoGuo-Chong Chen - Albert Einstein College of MedicineJames M Shikany - University of Alabama at BirminghamJoAnn E Manson - Brigham and Women's HospitalWei Bao
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol.123(6), pp.902-911.e3
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jand.2022.12.007
- PMID
- 36549566
- NLM abbreviation
- J Acad Nutr Diet
- ISSN
- 2212-2672
- eISSN
- 2212-2680
- Grant note
- DOI: 10.13039/100000002, name: National Institutes of Health; DOI: 10.13039/100000016, name: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, award: HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, HHSN268201600004C, HHSN268201600018C; DOI: 10.13039/100000050, name: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Language
- English
- Electronic publication date
- 12/19/2022
- Date published
- 06/2023
- Academic Unit
- Epidemiology; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center; Injury Prevention Research Center; Internal Medicine
- Record Identifier
- 9984353645102771
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