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Consensus-based disease definitions for endocrine immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Consensus-based disease definitions for endocrine immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors

Ling Zhu, Yee-Ming M Cheung, Cherie Chiang, Emily J Gallagher, Ole-Petter R Hamnvik, Jennifer Mammen, Zoe Quandt, Renisha Jones, Jon McDunn, Huda Al-Bahadili, …
Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, Vol.13(10), e011865
10/15/2025
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2025-011865
PMCID: PMC12530408
PMID: 41093625
url
https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-011865View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are an important class of cancer treatment. Endocrine immune-related adverse events (E-irAEs) account for a significant proportion of irAEs in ICI-treated patients. Diagnosing E-irAEs accurately and timely can be challenging in the absence of clear categorization and standardization across oncology, endocrinology and other specialties. While existing guidelines provide some broad directions to diagnosis and management, they lack clarity on irAE-specific symptom evaluation and work-up, as well as assessment of severity. These limitations can then impact triage, time-sensitive management and care escalation to specialists such as oncoendocrinologists. The objective of this study was to develop consensus-based statements on disease definitions for E-irAEs.A core working group of endocrinologists with expertise in the oncoendocrinology field drafted a survey with statements outlining the general approach to E-irAEs, disease definition and management approach of six specific diagnoses: ir-thyroiditis thyrotoxic phase, ir-thyroiditis hypothyroidism, ir-Graves’ disease, ir-hypophysitis, ir-adrenalitis and ir-type 1 diabetes mellitus. Severity grading tables were drafted for three disease categories—“thyroid”, “pituitary and adrenal”, and “diabetes mellitus”. A two-round modified Delphi process, using the RAND/University of California Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) Appropriateness Method, was employed. In this process, a 25-member voting panel consisting of endocrinologists, oncologists and other specialists and healthcare providers with experience in management of ICI-treated patients and irAEs was recruited. The panel rated anonymously on usability, accuracy, appropriateness or agreement of 41 items on a 9-point scale in Survey 1, after which a meeting was convened. Statements were modified based on voting results from Survey 1 and Meeting 1, and the process was repeated in Survey 2 and Meeting 2. At the end of this process, consensus was achieved for all statements.Our study findings address the gap in standardized nomenclature, clinical, laboratory and radiological evaluations, and management principles of E-irAEs. With consensus achieved from a panel of experts from a variety of disciplines, we anticipate that the statements can form the basis for standardization of the diagnostic process and improvement of patient care.
 Diabetes Hypophysitis Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Immune related adverse event - irAE Position article and guidelines Thyroid toxicity

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