Logo image
Back
Damage to insula abolishes cognitive distortions during simulated gambling
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Damage to insula abolishes cognitive distortions during simulated gambling

Luke Clark, Bettina Studer, Joel Bruss, Daniel Tranel and Antoine Bechara
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, Vol.111(16), pp.6098-6103
04/22/2014
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322295111
PMCID: PMC4000793
PMID: 24711387
url
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322295111View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Gambling games are associated with a distorted psychological processing of random sequences (the gambler’s fallacy) and unrewarded outcomes that fall close to a jackpot (near misses). Problem gamblers appear more susceptible to these effects. Here, we show that these two gambling distortions are disrupted in patients with brain injury affecting the insula compared with patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex or amygdala. In a roulette task (red/black predictions), comparison groups chose either color less after longer runs of that color outcome. On a slot machine task, comparison groups rated higher motivation following near misses relative to full misses. Our results generate a clinical hypothesis that, in disordered gambling, these cognitions may be underpinned by excessive recruitment of insula circuitry. Gambling is a naturalistic example of risky decision-making. During gambling, players typically display an array of cognitive biases that create a distorted expectancy of winning. This study investigated brain regions underpinning gambling-related cognitive distortions, contrasting patients with focal brain lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), insula, or amygdala (“target patients”) against healthy comparison participants and lesion comparison patients (i.e., with lesions that spare the target regions). A slot machine task was used to deliver near-miss outcomes (i.e., nonwins that fall spatially close to a jackpot), and a roulette game was used to examine the gambler’s fallacy (color decisions following outcome runs). Comparison groups displayed a heightened motivation to play following near misses (compared with full misses), and manifested a classic gambler’s fallacy effect. Both effects were also observed in patients with vmPFC and amygdala damage, but were absent in patients with insula damage. Our findings indicate that the distorted cognitive processing of near-miss outcomes and event sequences may be ordinarily supported by the recruitment of the insula. Interventions to reduce insula reactivity could show promise in the treatment of disordered gambling.
 Neuropsychology Biological Sciences emotion insular cortex

Details

Metrics

19 Record Views
96 Times Cited - Web of Science
Logo image