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Defining the complement biomarker profile of C3 glomerulopathy
Journal article   Open access

Defining the complement biomarker profile of C3 glomerulopathy

Yuzhou Zhang, Carla M Nester, Bertha Martin, Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt, Nicole C Meyer, Dingwu Shao, Nicolò Borsa, Yaseelan Palarasah and Richard J H Smith
Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Vol.9(11), pp.1876-1882
11/07/2014
DOI: 10.2215/cjn.01820214
PMCID: PMC4220750
PMID: 25341722
url
https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.01820214View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) applies to a group of renal diseases defined by a specific renal biopsy finding: a dominant pattern of C3 fragment deposition on immunofluorescence. The primary pathogenic mechanism involves abnormal control of the alternative complement pathway, although a full description of the disease spectrum remains to be determined. This study sought to validate and define the association of complement dysregulation with C3G and to determine whether specific complement pathway abnormalities could inform disease definition. This study included 34 patients with C3G (17 with C3 glomerulonephritis [C3GN] and 17 with dense deposit disease [DDD]) diagnosed between 2008 and 2013 selected from the C3G Registry. Control samples (n=100) were recruited from regional blood drives. Nineteen complement biomarkers were assayed on all samples. Results were compared between C3G disease categories and with normal controls. Assessment of the alternative complement pathway showed that compared with controls, patients with C3G had lower levels of serum C3 (P<0.001 for both DDD and C3GN) and factor B (P<0.001 for both DDD and C3GN) as well as higher levels of complement breakdown products including C3d (P<0.001 for both DDD and C3GN) and Bb (P<0.001 for both DDD and C3GN). A comparison of terminal complement pathway proteins showed that although C5 levels were significantly suppressed (P<0.001 for both DDD and C3GN) its breakdown product C5a was significantly higher only in patients with C3GN (P<0.05). Of the other terminal pathway components (C6-C9), the only significant difference was in C7 levels between patients with C3GN and controls (P<0.01). Soluble C5b-9 was elevated in both diseases but only the difference between patients with C3GN and controls reached statistical significance (P<0.001). Levels of C3 nephritic factor activity were qualitatively higher in patients with DDD compared with patients with C3GN. Complement biomarkers are significantly abnormal in patients with C3G compared with controls. These data substantiate the link between complement dysregulation and C3G and identify C3G interdisease differences.
 Complement C7 - metabolism Complement C5 - metabolism Complement C3 - metabolism Humans Middle Aged Complement C5a - metabolism Male Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative - blood Biomarkers - blood Case-Control Studies Complement C3d - metabolism Young Adult Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative - immunology Complement Factor B - metabolism Adolescent Adult Complement C3 Nephritic Factor - metabolism Female Child

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