Journal article
Developing the Person-Environment Apathy Rating for persons with dementia
Aging & mental health, Vol.20(8), pp.861-870
08/02/2016
DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1043618
PMID: 25984756
Abstract
Objectives: To develop the Person-Environment Apathy Rating (PEAR) scale that measures environmental stimulation and apathy in persons with dementia and to evaluate its psychometrics.Method: The PEAR scale consists of the PEAR-Environment subscale and PEAR-Apathy subscales. The items were developed via literature review, field testing, expert review, and pilot testing. The construct validity and reliability were examined through video observation. The parent study enrolled 185 institutionalized residents with dementia. For this study, 96 videos were selected from 24 participants. The PEAR-Environment subscale was validated using the Ambiance Scale and the Crowding Index. The PEAR-Apathy subscale was validated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI)-Apathy, Passivity in Dementia Scale (PDS), and NPI-Depression.Results: The PEAR-Environment subscale and PEAR-Apathy subscales each consists of six items rated on a 1-4 scale. For validity, the Crowding Index slightly, yet significantly, correlated with the PEAR-Environment subscale total score and three of the individual scores. Ambiance Scale scores, both engaging and soothing, did not correlate with the PEAR-Environment subscale. The PEAR-Apathy highly correlated with the PDS and NPI-Apathy and moderately correlated with the NPI-Depression, suggesting good convergent validity and moderate discriminant validity. For reliability, both environment and apathy subscales demonstrated excellent internal consistency. Although facial expression and eye contact showed moderate inter-rater reliability, all other items showed good to excellent inter-rater and intra-rater reliability.Conclusion: This study has successfully developed the PEAR scale and established its psychometrics based on the compatible scales available. The PEAR scale is the first scale that concurrently assesses apathy and environmental stimulation, and is recommended for use in persons with dementia.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Developing the Person-Environment Apathy Rating for persons with dementia
- Creators
- Ying-Ling Jao - Pennsylvania State UniversityDonna L. Algase - University of Michigan–Ann ArborJanet K Specht - University of Iowa, NursingKristine Williams - University of Iowa, Nursing
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Aging & mental health, Vol.20(8), pp.861-870
- DOI
- 10.1080/13607863.2015.1043618
- PMID
- 25984756
- NLM abbreviation
- Aging Ment Health
- ISSN
- 1360-7863
- eISSN
- 1364-6915
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Number of pages
- 10
- Grant note
- R01 NR04569 / National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); United States Department of Health & Human Services; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
- Comment
- Test development: Person−Environment Apathy Rating Scale (PEAR)
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 08/02/2016
- Academic Unit
- Nursing
- Record Identifier
- 9984844147202771
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