Journal article
Development and evaluation of weighting methods for the 2024 national pharmacist workforce study
Research in social and administrative pharmacy
06/06/2026
DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2026.06.002
PMID: 42276889
Abstract
Post-stratification weighting adjusts sample respondent characteristics to align with population-level characteristics. Developing and evaluating weighting methods to reduce bias between sample and population characteristics can improve estimates of work and work-life characteristics.
(1) To examine differences in distributions of demographic variables between respondents to the 2024 National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS) and a population-level data source and calculate proportional weights for each variable, (2) To develop and apply five weighting methods using proportional weights, and test the fit between weighted sample and population proportions, and (3) To quantify differences between weighted and unweighted sample estimates of work and work-life characteristics.
Using American Community Survey population characteristics (region, gender, five-year age categories, race, two-way age category x gender), we evaluated two weighting approaches using proportional weights alone and three using proportional weights and raking. Using a fit index, we evaluated the fit between weighted sample and population proportions. We compared unweighted versus weighted estimates for six work and two work-life characteristics.
The unweighted NPWS respondent sample underrepresented younger, male and non-White pharmacists. Raking that used two-way gender x age categories, region, gender, and race produced weights that provided the best fit. Weighting shifted estimates of work and work-life characteristics consistent with hypotheses about the effects of age and gender.
Post-stratification weights calculated by raking improved the representativeness of the 2024 NPWS respondent sample and refined estimates of pharmacist work characteristics. Data analysis of NPWS data could use weighting to improve estimate accuracy.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Development and evaluation of weighting methods for the 2024 national pharmacist workforce study
- Creators
- David A Mott - University of Wisconsin–MadisonVibhuti Arya - St. John's UniversityBrianne K Bakken - University of IowaWilliam R Doucette - University of IowaCaroline Gaither - University of MinnesotaDavid H Kreling - University of Wisconsin–MadisonSara Nadi - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJon C Schommer - University of Minnesota
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Research in social and administrative pharmacy
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.sapharm.2026.06.002
- PMID
- 42276889
- NLM abbreviation
- Res Social Adm Pharm
- ISSN
- 1934-8150
- eISSN
- 1934-8150
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Language
- English
- Electronic publication date
- 06/06/2026
- Academic Unit
- Nursing; Pharmacy Practice and Science
- Record Identifier
- 9985174497502771
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