Journal article
Eggs, dietary cholesterol, choline, betaine, and diabetes risk in the Women's Health Initiative: a prospective analysis
The American journal of clinical nutrition, Vol.114(1), pp.368-377
07/01/2021
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab036
PMCID: PMC8246612
PMID: 33829251
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Epidemiological studies have been inconsistent regarding the relations between diabetes risk and the consumption of eggs and nutrients in eggs, such as choline, betaine, and cholesterol. There have been few studies among elderly women. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine associations between consumption of eggs, cholesterol, choline, and betaine and the risk of diabetes among elderly US women. Methods Multivariable Cox regression was used with data from the prospective Women's Health Initiative. Population attributable risks were calculated. Consumption of eggs alone (not mixed in foods) and nutrients were assessed with an FFQ. Diabetes incidence was defined as the first incidence of self-reported diabetes treated with oral diabetes medication or insulin injections. Results There were 46,263 women at follow-up baseline. During 13.3 y and 592,984 person-years of follow-up, there were 5480 incident diabetes cases. Higher egg, cholesterol, and choline consumption were each significantly associated with increases in diabetes risk. The associations for eggs and choline were not significant after adjustment for cholesterol consumption. The association for eggs was attenuated after adjustment for non-egg cholesterol consumption, with 1 significant HR in the top consumption quintile (≥3 eggs/wk) of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.27; P for linear trend = 0.0001). The population attributable risks for obesity, overweight, consumption of ≥3 eggs/wk, inadequate exercise, and poor diet were 25.0 (95% CI: 22.3, 27.6), 12.8 (95% CI: 11.1, 14.5), 4.2 (95% CI: 2.3, 6.1), 3.5 (95% CI: 1.2, 5.8), and 3.1 (95% CI: 0.5, 5.7), respectively. Conclusions As egg consumption increased to ≥3 eggs/wk, there was a steady increase in diabetes risk that may have been due to the cholesterol in the eggs. The population attributable risk for ≥3 eggs/wk was far lower than that for being obese or overweight.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Eggs, dietary cholesterol, choline, betaine, and diabetes risk in the Women's Health Initiative: a prospective analysis
- Creators
- James A Greenberg - Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USAXinyin Jiang - Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USALesley F Tinker - Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USALinda G Snetselaar - Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USANazmus Saquib - Research Unit, College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi ArabiaAladdin H Shadyab - Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- The American journal of clinical nutrition, Vol.114(1), pp.368-377
- DOI
- 10.1093/ajcn/nqab036
- PMID
- 33829251
- PMCID
- PMC8246612
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- eISSN
- 1938-3207
- Grant note
- DOI: 10.13039/100000050, name: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, award: HHSN268201600018C, HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, HHSN268201600004C
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 07/01/2021
- Academic Unit
- Epidemiology; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center; Internal Medicine
- Record Identifier
- 9984215145402771
Metrics
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