Journal article
Evolution and development of extraocular motor neurons, nerves and muscles in vertebrates
Annals of anatomy, Vol.253, 152225
04/2024
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152225
PMCID: PMC11786961
PMID: 38346566
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the extraocular eye muscles (EOMs), describe congenital disorders that alter the development of ocular motor neurons, and provide an overview of vestibular pathway inputs to ocular motor nuclei. Six eye muscles are innervated by axons of three ocular motor neurons, the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI) neurons. Ocular motor neurons (CNIII) originate in the midbrain and innervate the ipsilateral orbit, except for the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae, which are contralaterally innervated. Trochlear motor neurons (CNIV) originate at the midbrain-hindbrain junction and innervate the contralateral superior oblique muscle. Abducens motor neurons (CNVI) originate variously in the hindbrain of rhombomeres r4–6 that innervate the posterior (or lateral) rectus muscle and innervate the retractor bulbi. Genes allow a distinction between special somatic (CNIII, IV) and somatic (CNVI) ocular motor neurons. Development of ocular motor neurons and their axonal projections to the EOMs may be derailed by various genetic causes, resulting in the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motor neurons innervate EOMs while the vestibular nuclei connect with the midbrain-brainstem motor neurons.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Evolution and development of extraocular motor neurons, nerves and muscles in vertebrates
- Creators
- Bernd Fritzsch - University of Nebraska Medical Center
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Annals of anatomy, Vol.253, 152225
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152225
- PMID
- 38346566
- PMCID
- PMC11786961
- NLM abbreviation
- Ann Anat
- ISSN
- 0940-9602
- eISSN
- 1618-0402
- Publisher
- Elsevier GmbH
- Grant note
- DOI: 10.13039/100000002, name: National Institutes of Health; DOI: 10.13039/100000049, name: NIA, award: R01 AG060504
- Language
- English
- Electronic publication date
- 02/10/2024
- Date published
- 04/2024
- Academic Unit
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute; Biology; Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center
- Record Identifier
- 9984560425102771
Metrics
56 Record Views