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Excess neonatal testosterone causes male-specific social and fear memory deficits in wild-type mice
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Excess neonatal testosterone causes male-specific social and fear memory deficits in wild-type mice

Pravda Quiñones-Labernik, Kelsey L Blocklinger, Matthew R Bruce, Emily Hagan, Danielle Preuschl, Charlotte Tesar and Sarah L Ferri
eNeuro, Vol.12(8), pp.ENEURO.0020-25.2025
08/2025
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0020-25.2025
PMCID: PMC12320760
PMID: 40623833
url
https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0020-25.2025View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Neurodevelopmental disorders disproportionately affect males compared to females. The biological mechanisms of this male susceptibility or female protection have not been identified. There is evidence that fetal/neonatal gonadal hormones, which play a pivotal role in many aspects of development, may contribute. Here, we investigate the effects of excess testosterone during a critical period of sex-specific brain organization on social approach and fear learning behaviors in C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Male, but not female, mice treated with testosterone on the day of birth (postnatal day 0; PN0) exhibited decreased social approach as juveniles and decreased contextual fear memory as adults, compared to vehicle-treated controls. These deficits were not driven by anxiety-like behavior or changes in locomotion or body weight. Mice treated with the same dose of testosterone on postnatal day 18 (PN18), which is outside of the critical period of brain masculinization, did not demonstrate impairments compared to the vehicle group. These findings indicate that excess testosterone during a critical period of early development, but not shortly after, induces long-term deficits relevant to the male sex bias in neurodevelopmental disorders. Excess testosterone during a critical period of sex-specific brain organization, results in male-specific social and cognitive deficits in mice while testosterone treatment outside of this developmental window did not alter behavior. This time-sensitive, brief hormonal dysregulation induces long-term changes, and may be involved in the male sex bias in neurodevelopmental disorders.
fear conditioning neurodevelopment sex differences social behavior testosterone

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