Fluorescence properties of methylene blue conjugated to normal/cancerous human tissues for spectral discrimination of breast cancer stages (I-IV)

Romina Khoshnevisan; Parviz Parvin; Fatemeh Ramezani; Danial Noroozian; Nahid Nafissi; Parisa Mohammadi Matin; Ahmad Shariftabrizi; Fatemeh Atyabi; Somayyeh Hashamdar

doi:10.1364/BOE.591357

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Fluorescence properties of methylene blue conjugated to normal/cancerous human tissues for spectral discrimination of breast cancer stages (I-IV)

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Fluorescence properties of methylene blue conjugated to normal/cancerous human tissues for spectral discrimination of breast cancer stages (I-IV)

Romina Khoshnevisan, Parviz Parvin, Fatemeh Ramezani, Danial Noroozian, Nahid Nafissi, Parisa Mohammadi Matin, Ahmad Shariftabrizi, Fatemeh Atyabi and Somayyeh Hashamdar

Biomedical optics express, Vol.17(4), pp.2111-2132

04/01/2026

DOI: 10.1364/BOE.591357

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Abstract

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is utilized to differentiate normal/malignant breast cells/tissues and classify cancer stages, using the biocompatible methylene blue (MB) fluorophore. Cancerous cells (MCF-7) conjugated with MB exhibit a red shift of 3.96 ± 0.41 nm, corresponding to ∼2.5 times higher signal intensity versus normal cells (MCF-10A). Regarding stages, tissue-level fluorescence intensity is elevated ∼2.5 times in stage I and ∼8 times in stage IV relative to healthy ones, with red-shifts ranging from 3.73 ± 0.75 nm in stage I to 18.56 ± 2.15 nm in stage IV. Thus, the LIF-MB technique offers a rapid, non-invasive method for both the early detection and grading of malignant tumors. The novelty of this work arises from the synergic contribution of the LIF and gravimetric validation for breast cancer staging.

Details

Title: Subtitle: Fluorescence properties of methylene blue conjugated to normal/cancerous human tissues for spectral discrimination of breast cancer stages (I-IV)
Creators: Romina Khoshnevisan - Amirkabir University of Technology
Parviz Parvin - Amirkabir University of Technology
Fatemeh Ramezani - Iran University of Medical Sciences
Danial Noroozian - Amirkabir University of Technology
Nahid Nafissi - Iran University of Medical Sciences
Parisa Mohammadi Matin - Amirkabir University of Technology
Ahmad Shariftabrizi - University of Iowa
Fatemeh Atyabi - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Somayyeh Hashamdar - Amirkabir University of Technology
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Biomedical optics express, Vol.17(4), pp.2111-2132
DOI: 10.1364/BOE.591357
NLM abbreviation: Biomed Opt Express
ISSN: 2156-7085
eISSN: 2156-7085
Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
Language: English
Date published: 04/01/2026
Academic Unit: Radiology
Record Identifier: 9985149085202771

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