Gender disparities in coronary artery disease: a review of factors influencing clinical outcomes

Arsalan Siddiqui; Randeep Gill; Marc Ringor; Jasmine K Dugal; Arpinder Malhi; Ala Abdallah; Dalia Hawwass; Nazanin Houshmand; Tahir Tak

doi:10.1007/s12471-025-01996-7

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Gender disparities in coronary artery disease: a review of factors influencing clinical outcomes

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Gender disparities in coronary artery disease: a review of factors influencing clinical outcomes

Arsalan Siddiqui, Randeep Gill, Marc Ringor, Jasmine K Dugal, Arpinder Malhi, Ala Abdallah, Dalia Hawwass, Nazanin Houshmand and Tahir Tak

Netherlands heart journal, Vol.33(12), pp.377-384

12/2025

DOI: 10.1007/s12471-025-01996-7

PMCID: PMC12638476

PMID: 41212390

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Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting both women and men. However, its evaluation and treatment have historically been influenced by gender, resulting in significant disparities for women. This review aims to comprehensively examine the literature on gender disparities in the care of patients with CAD. Evidence highlights several key inequalities, including the relatively greater impact of shared risk factors in women, the presence of female-specific risk factors, differences in CAD symptom presentation, and reduced screening sensitivity and management quality in women compared with men. Addressing these disparities requires updated screening strategies that recognize the unique clinical manifestations of CAD in women, increasing awareness among both women and healthcare providers, greater inclusion of women in CAD research studies, revisiting the role of hormonal replacement therapy, and integrating emerging tools such as genetic research and artificial intelligence. These steps have the potential to improve the equity and effectiveness of CAD management across genders.

Myocardial ischemia

Coronary heart disease

Gender disparities

Risk factors

Health disparities

Details

Title: Subtitle: Gender disparities in coronary artery disease: a review of factors influencing clinical outcomes
Creators: Arsalan Siddiqui - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Randeep Gill - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Marc Ringor - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Jasmine K Dugal - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Arpinder Malhi - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Ala Abdallah - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Dalia Hawwass - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Nazanin Houshmand - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Tahir Tak - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Netherlands heart journal, Vol.33(12), pp.377-384
DOI: 10.1007/s12471-025-01996-7
PMID: 41212390
PMCID: PMC12638476
NLM abbreviation: Neth Heart J
ISSN: 1568-5888
eISSN: 1876-6250
Publisher: Springer Nature
Language: English
Electronic publication date: 11/10/2025
Date published: 12/2025
Academic Unit: Internal Medicine
Record Identifier: 9985026360602771

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