Journal article
Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level
JAMA oncology, Vol.6(5), pp.685-695
05/01/2020
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716
PMCID: PMC7047856
PMID: 32105305
Abstract
Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.
To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis.
A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017.
Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis.
The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]).
This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level
- Creators
- Global Retinoblastoma Study GroupH C Boldt - Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa CityErnesto Alemany-Rubio - Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, Marianao, Havana, CubaAmadou I Alfa Bio - University of Parakou, Parakou, BeninWilliam J Johnson - Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, CharlestonScott A Larson - Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa CityYvania Alfonso Carreras - St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, HaitiCairui Li - Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, ChinaSalman Rahman - University of California, San FranciscoYi-Zhuo Wang - Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChristiane Al-Haddad - Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LebanonHamoud H Y Al-Hussaini - Pediatric Oncology Department, National Oncology Center, Sana'a, YemenAmany M Ali - Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptXiantao Sun - Henan Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, ChinaDonjeta B Alia - University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, AlbaniaKhalifa M Alsawidi - Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, LibyaMazin F Al-Jadiry - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqAthar A S M Al-Shaheen - Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, IraqPrimawita O Amiruddin - National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, IndonesiaEntissar H Al-Shammary - Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, IraqCharlotta All-Eriksson - St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, SwedenRomanzo Antonino - Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, ItalyUsama Al-Jumaily - Imam Hussein Cancer Center, Karbala, IraqAli A R M Al-Mafrachi - Ibn Al Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital, Baghdad, IraqNicholas J Astbury - International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United KingdomHind M Alkatan - College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaArgentino A Almeida - Beira Central Hospital, Beira, MozambiqueHatice T Atalay - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, TurkeyLa-Ongsri Atchaneeyasakul - Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandEva M Biewald - Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyNadia Bobrova - The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, UkraineRose Atsiaya - Lighthouse For Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, KenyaTaweevat Attaseth - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandMarianna Boehme - Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyThan H Aung - Yangon Eye Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, MyanmarSilvia Ayala - Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, TexasMaria Teresa B C Bonanomi - Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, BrazilNorbert Bornfeld - Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanyBaglan Baizakova - Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, KazakhstanJulia Balaguer - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, SpainGabrielle C Bouda - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoRuhengiz Balayeva - Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, AzerbaijanHédi Bouguila - Institut Hédi Raïs d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, TunisiaWalentyna Balwierz - Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, PolandAmaria Boumedane - Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Oran, AlgeriaRachel C Brennan - Solid Tumor Division, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TennesseeHonorio Barranco - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, SpainCovadonga Bascaran - International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United KingdomBénédicte G Brichard - Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, BelgiumMaja Beck Popovic - Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, SwitzerlandJassada Buaboonnam - Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandRaquel Benavides - Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr Carlos Sáenz Herrera, San Jose, Costa RicaPatricia Calderón-Sotelo - Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera, Managua, NicaraguaDoris A Calle Jara - Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, EcuadorSarra Benmiloud - Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fès, Fez, MoroccoNissrine Bennani Guebessi - Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, MoroccoJayne E Camuglia - Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaRokia C Berete - Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'IvoireMiriam R Cano - Salud Ocular, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Asuncion, ParaguayAnirban Bhaduri - The Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, IndiaNathalie Cassoux - Institut Curie, Université de Paris Medicine Paris V Descartes, Paris, FranceJesse L Berry - Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los AngelesSunil Bhat - Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, IndiaGuilherme Castela - Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalMichael Capra - Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, IrelandLuis Castillo - Hospital Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, UruguayShelley J Biddulph - University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaAnirban Das - Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, IndiaJaume Català-Mora - Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, SpainFaraja S Chiwanga - Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaGuillermo L Chantada - NationalScientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSima Das - Ocular Oncology Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, IndiaLaurence Desjardins - Institut Curie, Paris, FranceShabana Chaudhry - Paediatric Ophthalmology Department, Mayo Hospital and College of Allied Visual Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, PakistanJacquelyn M Davanzo - Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OhioTsengelmaa Chuluunbat - National Center for Maternal and Children Health of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaSonal S Chaugule - Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, PBMA's H. V. Desai Eye Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaAlan Davidson - Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaRosdali Y Diaz Coronado - Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, PerúPatrick De Potter - Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, BelgiumArgudit Chauhan - University of Louisville, Louisville, KentuckyHelen Dimaras - The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaKarina Q Delgado - National Children's Hospital, Panama City, PanamaBhavna Chawla - Ocular Oncology Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaKrzysztof Cieslik - Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, PolandVioleta S Chernodrinska - Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaHakan Demirci - Department of Ophthalmology, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann ArborAndrew J Dodgshun - Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, Children's Haematology and Oncology Center, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New ZealandRuellyn L Cockcroft - Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New ZealandCraig Donaldson - The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaCodruta Comsa - Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, RomaniaCarla R Donato Macedo - Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilZelia M Correa - Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OhioMaria G Correa Llano - Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, SpainMonica D Dragomir - Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, RomaniaTimothy W Corson - Indiana University Medical Center, IndianapolisYi Du - Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, ChinaKristin E Cowan-Lyn - Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, JamaicaMagritha Du Bruyn - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South AfricaXuehao Cui - Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaI Wayan Eka Sutyawan - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, IndonesiaMonika Csóka - Semmelweis University, Budapest, HungaryIsac V Da Gama - Quelimane Central Hospital, Quelimane, MozambiqueAsmaa El Kettani - Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, MoroccoKemala S Edison - Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra, IndonesiaWantanee Dangboon - Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, ThailandAmal M Elbahi - Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, LibyaJames E Elder - Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDina Elgalaly - Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, EgyptAlaa M Elhaddad - Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, EgyptMoawia M Ali Elhassan - Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, SudanMahmoud M Elzembely - Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptVera A Essuman - Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, GhanaTed Grimbert A Evina - Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, CameroonZehra Fadoo - Aga Khan University, Karachi, PakistanAdriana C Fandiño - Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaMohammad Faranoush - Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, IranOluyemi Fasina - Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaDelia D P G Fernández - Mi Clinic, Ciudad del Este, ParaguayAna Fernández-Teijeiro - Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, SpainAllen Foster - International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United KingdomShahar Frenkel - Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, IsraelLigia D Fu - Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, HondurasSoad L Fuentes-Alabi - Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El SalvadorBrenda L Gallie - The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaMoira Gandiwa - Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, MalawiJuan L Garcia - ClínicaAnglo American, Lima, PerúDavid García Aldana - Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, SpainD Sanjeeva Gunasekera - National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri LankaAhmet K Gündüz - Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, TurkeyPascale Y Gassant - St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-au-Prince, HaitiHimika Gupta - Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, IndiaJennifer A Geel - Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South AfricaFariba Ghassemi - Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSanjiv Gupta - King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IndiaAna V Girón - Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, GuatemalaTheodora Hadjistilianou - Retinoblastoma Referral Center, University of Siena, Siena, ItalyZelalem Gizachew - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaPatrick Hamel - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaMarco A Goenz - Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El SalvadorSyed A Hamid - The Indus Hospital, Karachi, PakistanAaron S Gold - Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, FloridaNorhafizah Hamzah - Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaMaya Goldberg-Lavid - Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelEric D Hansen - John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake CityGlen A Gole - Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaJ William Harbour - Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FloridaNir Gomel - Department of Ophthalmology, Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv, School of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelM Elizabeth Hartnett - John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake CityEfren Gonzalez - Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsMurat Hasanreisoglu - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, TurkeyGraciela Gonzalez Perez - Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, MexicoSadiq Hassan - Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, NigeriaLiudmira González-Rodríguez - Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, Marianao, Havana, CubaShadab Hassan - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, PakistanStanislava Hederova - University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, SlovakiaHenry N Garcia Pacheco - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Sur, Arequipa, PerúJaime Graells - Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, VenezuelaJose Hernandez - Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, PerúLorelay Marie Carcamo Hernandez - National Children's Hospital, Panama City, PanamaLiz Green - IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, AfghanistanLaila Hessissen - Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat, MoroccoPernille A Gregersen - Department of Clinical Genetics and Center for Rare Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkNathalia D A K Grigorovski - National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDiriba F Hordofa - Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, EthiopiaKoffi M Guedenon - Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, TogoLaura C Huang - Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CaliforniaG B Hubbard - Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, GeorgiaTamar Kardava - Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, GeorgiaRejin Kebudi - Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine and Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TurkeyMarlies Hummlen - Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayTomas Kepak - St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, and International Clinical Research Center/St Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czech RepublicKristina Husakova - University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, SlovakiaAllawi N Hussein Al-Janabi - Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, IraqNaama Keren-Froim - Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelRusso Ida - Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, ItalyIrfan Jeeva - Aga Khan University, Karachi, PakistanZohora J Khan - Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, BangladeshWajiha J Kheir - Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North CarolinaVesna R Ilic - Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, SerbiaHelen Jenkinson - Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United KingdomHussain A Khaqan - Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PakistanVikas Khetan - Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, IndiaVivekaraj Jairaj - Pacific International Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaXunda Ji - Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaPhara Khauv - Angkor Hospital for Children, Krong Siem Reap, CambodiaAlireza Khodabande - Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDong Hyun Jo - Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of KoreaZaza Khotenashvili - Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, GeorgiaKenneth P Johnson - Clínica Oftalmológica Pasteur, Santiago, ChileJonathan W Kim - Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los AngelesJeong Hun Kim - Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of KoreaMichael M Jones - The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaHayyam Kiratli - Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, TurkeyTheophile B Amani Kabesha - Bukavu Eye Clinic, Bukavu Official University, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the CongoTero T Kivelä - Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandRolande L Kabore - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoArtur Klett - East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, EstoniaSwathi Kaliki - Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, IndiaJess Elio Kosh Komba Palet - Oncologue Pédiatre Responsable d'Unité de Bangui, Bangui, Central African RepublicAbubakar Kalinaki - Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences Kamplala, UgandaDalia Krivaitiene - Children's Ophthalmology Department, Children's Hospital of Vilnius, University Hospital Santaros Clinic, Vilnius, LithuaniaMehmet Kantar - Division of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, TurkeyMariana Kruger - Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South AfricaLing-Yuh Kao - Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanKittisak Kulvichit - Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandLauren Mason - University of Alabama at Birmingham, BirminghamMayasari W Kuntorini - National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, IndonesiaGeorge N Magrath - Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, CharlestonAlice Kyara - Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaAmita Mahajan - Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Apollo Center for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, IndiaBao Han A Le - John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Los AngelesEva S Lachmann - University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyAbdul Rahim Majeed - IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, AfghanistanKarin Lecuona - Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaCarol P S Lam - Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaErika Maka - Semmelweis University, Budapest, HungaryJohn O Mason III - University of Alabama at Birmingham, BirminghamGeoffrey C Lam - Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AustraliaMayuri Makan - Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, ZimbabweAmy A Leverant - Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, ArizonaEmil K Makimbetov - National Center of Oncology and Hematology, Bishkek, KyrgyzstanIbrahim O Matende - Lighthouse For Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, KenyaSlobodanka Latinovic - Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar-Latinović, Novi Sad, SerbiaMiguel Materin - Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North CarolinaChatonda Manda - Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, MalawiKelly D Laurenti - Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisNieves Martín Begue - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, SpainBen Limbu - Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, NepalClarissa C D S Mattosinho - National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilQuah Boon Long - Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, SingaporeMarchelo Matua - Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, UgandaJuan P López - Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, ChileIsmail Mayet - University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaRobert M Lukamba - University Clinics of Lubumbashi, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Rrepublic of CongoFreddy B Mbumba - Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepolole, BotswanaJohn D McKenzie - Department of Ocular Oncology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaLivia Lumbroso - Institut Curie, Paris, FranceSandra Luna-Fineman - Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Center for Global Health, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, AuroraAurora Medina-Sanson - Department of Oncology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, MexicoAzim Mehrvar - MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, IranDelfitri Lutfi - Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, IndonesiaLesia Lysytsia - Okhmatdyt National Children's Hospital, Kiev, UkraineAemero A Mengesha - Department of Ophthalmology, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaVikas Menon - Centre for Sight, New Delhi, IndiaGary John V D Mercado - Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, PhilippinesMarilyn B Mets - Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisEdoardo Midena - Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, ItalyDivyansh K C Mishra - Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, IndiaFurahini G Mndeme - Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, TanzaniaAhmed A Mohamedani - Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, SudanMona T Mohammad - King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, JordanAnnette C Moll - Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsMargarita M Montero - Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican RepublicRosa A Morales - Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera, Managua, NicaraguaClaude Moreira - Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique de l'Hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, SenegalPrithvi Mruthyunjaya - Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CaliforniaMchikirwa S Msina - Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, TanzaniaGerald Msukwa - Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, MalawiSangeeta S Mudaliar - Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, IndiaKangwa I Muma - Ministry of Health, Lusaka, ZambiaFrancis L Munier - Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandGabriela Murgoi - Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, RomaniaTimothy G Murray - Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, FloridaKareem O Musa - Department of Ophthalmology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaRemezo Philbert - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kamenge, Bujumbura, BurundiAsma Mushtaq - The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, PakistanDavid A Plager - Indiana University Medical Center, IndianapolisHamzah Mustak - Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaVireak Prom - Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, IndiaPavel Pochop - Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech RepublicOkwen M Muyen - Abii Specialists Hospital, Bamenda, CameroonVladimir Neroev - Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, RussiaIgnatius Purwanto - Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaRodrigo A Polania - Fundacion Clinica Valle del Lili, Cali, ColombiaHang Ngo - Ho Chi Minh Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, VietnamAli O Qadir - Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, IraqGita Naidu - University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaSeema Qayyum - The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, PakistanRosa M Nieves - Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican RepublicJiang Qian - Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaVladimir G Polyakov - Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, RussiaMarina Nikitovic - Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, SerbiaAkshay Gopinathan Nair - Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Medical College, Mumbai, IndiaElizabeth D Nkanga - Department of Ophthalmology, Calabar Children's Eye Center, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar NigeriaArdizal Rahman - Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra, IndonesiaManca T Pompe - University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SloveniaHenry Nkumbe - Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, CameroonLarisa Naumenko - N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, BelarusJamalia Rahmat - Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaMurtuza Nuruddin - Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, BangladeshJonathan J Pons - Good Shepherd Hospital, Siteki, SwazilandPurnima Rajkarnikar - Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, NepalMutale Nyaywa - Arthur Davison Children's Hospital, Ndola, ZambiaPaule Aïda Ndoye Roth - Cheikh Anta Diop University, Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, SenegalGhislaine Obono-Obiang - CHU Angondje Cancerologie, Libreville, GabonRajesh Ramanjulu - Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, IndiaDaphna Prat - The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelNgozi C Oguego - Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, NigeriaAparna Ramasubramanian - University of Louisville, Louisville, KentuckyYetty M Nency - Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, IndonesiaSanja Peric - University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaChau T M Pham - Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, VietnamLéa Raobela - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, MadagascarRiffat Rashid - Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, BangladeshM Ashwin Reddy - The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United KingdomEhud Reich - Department of Ophthalmology, Davidoff Center for Oncology, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, IsraelLorna A Renner - School of Medicine and Dentistry, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana, Accra, GhanaDavid Reynders - University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South AfricaDahiru Ribadu - Federal Medical Center, Yola, NigeriaMussagy M Riheia - Nampula Central Hospital, Nampula, MozambiquePetra Ritter-Sovinz - Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, AustriaDuangnate Rojanaporn - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandLivia Romero - Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, VenezuelaSoma R Roy - Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, BangladeshRaya H Saab - Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LebanonSvetlana Saakyan - Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, RussiaAhmed H Sabhan - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqMandeep S Sagoo - NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and London Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, London, United KingdomAzza M A Said - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptRohit Saiju - Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, NepalBeatriz Salas - Hospital Dr Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, BoliviaSonsoles San Román Pacheco - Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, SpainGissela L Sánchez - Hospital Solca Quito, Quito, EcuadorPhayvanh Sayalith - Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, LaosTrish A Scanlan - Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaAmy C Schefler - Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, TexasJudy Schoeman - University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South AfricaAhad Sedaghat - Department of Ophthalmology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, IranStefan Seregard - St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, SwedenRachna Seth - Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaAnkoor S Shah - Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsShawkat A Shakoor - National Institute of Ophthalmology, Dhaka, BangladeshManoj K Sharma - East Timor Eye Program, Dili, Timor-LesteSadik T Sherief - Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaNandan G Shetye - Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaCarol L Shields - Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSorath Noorani Siddiqui - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, PakistanSidi Sidi Cheikh - Ophthalmology Department, Nouakchott Medical University, Nouakchott, MauritaniaSónia Silva - Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalArun D Singh - Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OhioNiharika Singh - Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, IndiaUsha Singh - Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IndiaPenny Singha - Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, ThailandShigenobu Suzuki - Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, JapanRita S Sitorus - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, and Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, IndonesiaIdo Didi Fabian - The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelAlison H Skalet - Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, PortlandKarel Svojgr - Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech RepublicElhassan Abdallah - Ophthalmology Department of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, MoroccoHendrian D Soebagjo - Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, IndonesiaTetyana Sorochynska - The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, UkraineFatoumata Sylla - Africa Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology, Bamako, MaliGrace Ssali - Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, UgandaShehu U Abdullahi - Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, NigeriaAndrew W Stacey - Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, SeattleGevorg Tamamyan - Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, ArmeniaRula A Abdulqader - Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, IraqSandra E Staffieri - Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDeborah Tan - Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, SingaporeErin D Stahl - Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MissouriChristina Stathopoulos - Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSahadatou Adamou Boubacar - National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, NigerAlketa Tandili - University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, AlbaniaBranka Stirn Kranjc - University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SloveniaDavid K Stones - Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South AfricaDupe S Ademola-Popoola - University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaCaron Strahlendorf - BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaFanny F Tarrillo Leiva - Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, PerúMaria Estela Coleoni Suarez - Pediatra Hemato-Oncologa, Instituto Oncologico del Oriente Boliviano, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BoliviaAdedayo Adio - Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, NigeriaSadia Sultana - Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, BangladeshMaryam Tashvighi - MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, IranArmin R Afshar - University of California, San FranciscoBekim Tateshi - University Eye Clinic, Skopje, MacedoniaMeryl Sundy - Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, PortlandRosanne Superstein - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, CanadaPriyanka Aggarwal - Department of Pediatrics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaEdi S Tehuteru - National Cancer Center, Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, IndonesiaEddy Supriyadi - Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaAda E Aghaji - Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, NigeriaSupawan Surukrattanaskul - Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, ThailandAndrzej Olechowski - Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, PolandMarco A Ramirez-Ortiz - Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City, MexicoLuiz F Teixeira - Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilAlia Ahmad - The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, PakistanScott C N Oliver - Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, AuroraPeter Osei-Bonsu - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaKok Hoi Teh - Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDiego Ossandon - Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, ChileMarliyanti N R Akib - RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, IndonesiaManuel A Paez-Escamilla - Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FloridaTuyisabe Theophile - Kabgayi Eye Unit, Gitarama, RwandaHalimah Pagarra - RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, IndonesiaLamis Al Harby - The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United KingdomSally L Painter - Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United KingdomHelen Toledano - Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelVivian Paintsil - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, GhanaMouroge H Al Ani - Hawler Medical University, Erbil, IraqDoan L Trang - Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, VietnamLuisa Paiva - National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, AngolaBikramjit P Pal - H M Diwan Eye Foundation, and Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, IndiaAygun Alakbarova - Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, AzerbaijanMahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu - Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, IndiaFousseyni Traoré - Pediatric Oncology Service, Gabriel Toure Hospital, Bamako, MaliRuzanna Papyan - Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, ArmeniaSilvia Alarcón Portabella - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, SpainRaffaele Parrozzani - Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, ItalySumalin Trichaiyaporn - Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, ThailandManoj Parulekar - Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United KingdomSafaa A F Al-Badri - Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqClaudia R Pascual Morales - Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, PerúSamuray Tuncer - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ocular Oncology Service, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TurkeyAna Patricia A Alcasabas - Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, PhilippinesKatherine E Paton - University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaKatarzyna Pawinska-Wasikowska - Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, PolandHarba Tyau-Tyau - Université Adam Barka, Abeche, ChadSaad A Al-Dahmash - College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaJacob Pe'er - Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, IsraelArmando Peña - Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, HondurasAli B Umar - Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, NigeriaAmanda Alejos - Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, GuatemalaEmel Unal - Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University, Ankara, TurkeyOgul E Uner - Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, GeorgiaSteen F Urbak - Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DenmarkTatiana L Ushakova - Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, RussiaRustam H Usmanov - National Cancer Center of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, UzbekistanSandra Valeina - Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, LatviaMilo van Hoefen Wijsard - Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsAdisai Varadisai - Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandLiliana Vasquez - Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, PerúLeon O Vaughan - Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, JamaicaNevyana V Veleva-Krasteva - Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaNishant Verma - King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IndiaAndi A Victor - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, and Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, IndonesiaMaris Viksnins - Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, LatviaEdwin G Villacís Chafla - Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco De Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, EcuadorVicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai - The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelTushar Vora - Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IndiaAntonio E Wachtel - Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, PerúWerner Wackernagel - Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, AustriaKeith Waddell - Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, UgandaPatricia D Wade - Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, NigeriaAmina H Wali - National Eye Center Kaduna, Kaduna, NigeriaAvery Weiss - Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, SeattleMatthew W Wilson - Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TennesseeAmelia D C Wime - National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, AngolaAtchareeya Wiwatwongwana - Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDamrong Wiwatwongwana - Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCharlotte Wolley Dod - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, SpainPhanthipha Wongwai - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, ThailandDaoman Xiang - Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, ChinaYishuang Xiao - Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, ChinaJason C Yam - Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHuasheng Yang - State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaJenny M Yanga - Service d'Ophtalmologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of CongoMuhammad A Yaqub - Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, PakistanVera A Yarovaya - S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, RussiaAndrey A Yarovoy - S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, RussiaHuijing Ye - State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaYacoub A Yousef - King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, JordanPutu Yuliawati - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, IndonesiaArturo M Zapata López - Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, PerúEkhtelbenina Zein - Assistante Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculte de Medecine de Nouakchott Medecin Oncopediatre, Center National d'Oncologie, Nouakchott, MauritaniaChengyue Zhang - Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaYi Zhang - Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaJunyang Zhao - Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaXiaoyu Zheng - Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, ChinaKatsiaryna Zhilyaeva - N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, BelarusNida Zia - The Indus Hospital, Karachi, PakistanOthman A O Ziko - Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptMarcia Zondervan - International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United KingdomRichard Bowman - Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- JAMA oncology, Vol.6(5), pp.685-695
- DOI
- 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716
- PMID
- 32105305
- PMCID
- PMC7047856
- NLM abbreviation
- JAMA Oncol
- ISSN
- 2374-2437
- eISSN
- 2374-2445
- Publisher
- United States
- Grant note
- K08 CA232344 / NCI NIH HHS
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 05/01/2020
- Academic Unit
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Record Identifier
- 9984071695602771
Metrics
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