Global functional connectivity of cognitive control networks predicts task-switching performance in older adults

Bryan Madero; Matthew Sodoma; Chris A Oehler; Vincent A. Magnotta; Jeffrey D Long; Eliot Hazeltine; Michelle W Voss

doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2026.01.002

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Global functional connectivity of cognitive control networks predicts task-switching performance in older adults

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Global functional connectivity of cognitive control networks predicts task-switching performance in older adults

Bryan Madero, Matthew Sodoma, Chris A Oehler, Vincent A. Magnotta, Jeffrey D Long, Eliot Hazeltine and Michelle W Voss

Cortex, Vol.196, pp.90-100

03/2026

DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2026.01.002

PMCID: PMC12904565

PMID: 41619616

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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12904565/View

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Abstract

Older adults have difficulty switching between competing goals with increasing age due to declines in executive function (EF) and changes in brain network connectivity, including the Cognitive Control Network (CCN). Prior research shows that greater global functional connectivity (GFC) in the CCN supports cognitive flexibility. However, it is unclear whether CCN GFC is associated with task-switching in older adults. Task-switching performance relies on both switching and working memory. Mixing cost reflects the ability to maintain and coordinate multiple task rules in working memory and is sensitive to age-related declines in EF, whereas switching cost is more closely linked to age-related general slowing in processing speed. This study investigates how CCN GFC relates to task-switching performance in older adults using two task versions. Participants aged 55-80 years old performed the Separate and Overlap versions for behavioral analyses (n = 118). Six 8-minute resting-state fMRI sessions were collected over two days for brain behavior analyses (n = 112). Whole grey-matter GFC was calculated, followed by average GFC extraction from the CCN, Default Mode Network (DMN), and Somatomotor Network (SMN). Results showed that older adults were slower and less accurate in the Overlap version. Greater CCN, DMN, and SMN GFC were associated with smaller mixing costs in the Overlap version. SMN GFC was linked to larger mixing costs and smaller switching costs in the Separate version. Our findings suggest that greater integration of the CCN, DMN, and SMN, as measured by GFC, is associated with better task-switch performance under increasing working memory demands.

Cognitive Aging

Cognitive Flexibility

Functional connectivity

Resting-State

Details

Title: Subtitle: Global functional connectivity of cognitive control networks predicts task-switching performance in older adults
Creators: Bryan Madero - University of Iowa
Matthew Sodoma
Chris A Oehler - University of Iowa, Psychological and Brain Sciences
Vincent A. Magnotta - University of Iowa
Jeffrey D Long - University of Iowa, Psychiatry
Eliot Hazeltine - University of Iowa, Iowa Neuroscience Institute
Michelle W Voss - University of Iowa, Iowa Neuroscience Institute
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Cortex, Vol.196, pp.90-100
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2026.01.002
PMID: 41619616
PMCID: PMC12904565
NLM abbreviation: Cortex
ISSN: 0010-9452
eISSN: 1973-8102
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Grant note: National Institute on Aging (NIA): R01 AG055500
This work was supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) (R01 AG055500) .
Language: English
Electronic publication date: 01/14/2026
Date published: 03/2026
Academic Unit: Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering; Radiology; Psychiatry; Psychological and Brain Sciences; Iowa Neuroscience Institute; Biostatistics
Record Identifier: 9985130238102771

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