Global retinoblastoma service availability in 2024 and equity trends since 2017

Global Retinoblastoma Study Group; Mattan Arazi; Richard JC Bowman; Omayma Abdulazeem Abbass; Abdulaziz Wannas Abd; Elhassan Abdallah; Nadia Abdulazeez Abdulateef; Essam Ahmed Abdullah; Shehu Umar Abdullahi; Rula Ahmed Abdulqader; Aminatu A Abdulrahman; Bezawit T Abera; Helga Inez Abrahamse-Pillay; Marta Jaime Abudo; Babiker H A Abushara; Ishan Gaurang Acharya; Olufemi Adefehinti; Olubusayo O Adejumo; Dupe S Ademola-Popoola; Armin R Afshar; Wolela Mulatu Aga; Adedayo Omobolanle Adio; Priyanka Aggarwal; Ada Aghaji; Alia Ahmad; Mururul Aisyi; Adeseye Michael Akinsete; Yasir Saadoon Abed Al Agele; Saleh A Al Mesfer; Mouroge Hashim Al Ani; Carolina Alarcon; Sandra Alarcon; Silvia Alarcón; Safaa A Faraj Al-Badri; Ana Patricia A Alcasabas; Saad A Al-Dahmash; Fithria Aldy; Amanda Alejos; Helen Aidelekoehi Alen; Amadou Issifou Alfa Bio; Yvania Alfonso Carreras; Christiane Elias Al-Haddad; Shaimaa Saad AL-Harris; Khitam Fakhir Alhasani; Hamoud Hodeish Yahya Al-Hussaini; Zulfiqar Ali Rana; Donjeta Bali Alia; Mazin Faisal Al-Jadiry; Usama Al-Jumaily; Hind Manaa Alkatan; Argentino Albino Almeida; Zinah Abdulhameed Alsaif; Khalifa Mohamed Alsawidi; Athar Abdul Samad Majeed Al-Shaheen; Entissar Hadi Al-Shammary; Sumaira Altaf; Saleh Yahya Altheeb; Doreen Amankwaa-Frempong; Primawita O Amiruddin; Miriam-Benigna Chika Amobi; Faizana Amodo; Abdou Amza; Gamboa Yessica Ana; David Arturo Ancona-Lezama; Mia Ratwita Andarsini; Corinna D Andreae; Heidi E Andrews; Nawar Jan Anwar; Akunne Ijeoma Apakama; Prena Arjyal Kafle; Nomo Arlette Francine; Inggar Armytasari; Wilhemina A Asari; Nicholas John Astbury; Hatice Tuba Atalay; Eda Ataseven; La-ongsri Atchaneeyasakul; Alua Aubakirova; Rudolf Autrata; Tatiana El Jaick B Costa; Felipe Baccega; Thierno Madjou Bah; Sameer Bakhshi; Julia Balaguer; Ruhengiz Balayeva; Shiama Indu Balendra; Rolika Bansal; Svati Bansal; Nathan Rahamim Bar Ilan; Honorio Barranco-González; Aissata Barry; Paulina Bartoszek; Covadonga Bascaran; Mairi Kate Bassingthwaighte; Bashar M Bata; Alona Baum; Wendy Diana Bautista Guzman; Ahmed Metwally Bayh; Alan M Beard; Elie A Bechara; Nikolaos E Bechrakis; Kerri Becktell; Ainura Suranovna Begimkulova; Tadele H Bekele; Raquel Benavides; Franco Benvenuto; Rokia Coulibaly Berete; Jesse L Berry; Kamsang Pius Beyiah; Anirban Bhaduri; Viral M Bhanvadia; Sunil Bhat; Kasturi Bhattacharjee; Arpita Bhattacharyya; Eva Maria Biewald; Elaine M Binkley; Michael P Blair; Arlene Onetta Bobb-Semple; Nadia Bobrova; Brenda Bohnsack; Maria Teresa B C Bonanomi; Alyssa C Bonnell; Gilbert B Bonsaana; Vanessa Bosch; Gabriela Romeiro da Cruz Botelho; Gabrielle Chantal Bouda; Chris Bowen Hédi Bouguila; Ines Brecht; Rachel Christine Brennan; Bénédicte Brichard; Brandon D Brown; Brianne Brown; Vladimir V Brzheskiy; Jassada Buaboonnam; Aléine Budiongo; Matthew J Burton; Betty Alicia Cabrera Marcelo; Doris Anjelica Calle Jara; Jennifer Camargo-González; Jayne E Camuglia; Miriam R Cano; Olivia Carolina Cardozo; Shani Caspi; Nathalie Cassoux; Guilherme Castela; 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Elianneth Rey Helo; David Reynders; Margaret M Reynolds; Zahratul Riadho; Dahiru Ribadu; Nadirah Rasyid Ridha; Pukhraj Rishi; Petra Ritter-Sovinz; Muhammad Riza; David L Rogers; James Rogers; Anna Rogowska; Duangnate Rojanaporn; Fernando Rojas; Livia Romero; Paule Aïda Roth; Biance Rowe; Soma Rani Roy; Svetlana Saakyan; Ahmed Hatem Sabhan; Natalia Sadovnikova; Mandeep S Sagoo; Adamou Boubacar Sahadatou; Azza Mohamed Ahmed Said; Rohit Saiju; Beatriz T Salas Mendoza; Sonsoles San Román Pacheco; Gissela Lucia Sánchez; Lara Sandri George Sanchez; Nur Melani Sari; Dian Puspita Sari; Trish A Scanlan; Paula Schaiquevich; Nathan Scott; Nadia Secchieri Rocha; Teboho Seobi; Claudia Sepulveda; Rachna Seth; Ankoor Siddharth Shah; Parag K Shah; Shawkat Ara Shakoor; Michael Shapiro; Anil Sharma; Manoj Kumar Sharma; Sadik T Sherief; Nandan G Shetye; Carol L Shields; Jyoti B Shrestha; David Sia; Isra Sid Ahmed; Sidi Sidi Cheikh; Sónia Silva; Margarida Simao; Judith Simon; Londe Simuchimba; Arun D Singh; Usha Singh; Penny Singha; Manali Singhal; Olga Rasiyanti Siregar; Bongi Sithole; Rita S Sitorus; Hikari Ambara Sjakti; Alison H Skalet; Balgis Desy Soelistyowati; Sameh E Soliman; Tetyana Sorochynska; Hansell Jose Soto; Andrew W Stacey; Sandra E Staffieri; Erin Durrie Stahl; Christina Stathopoulos; David M Steinberg; Bernhard Steiner; Caron Strahlendorf; Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez; Shailendra Sugrim; Lady Pranodia Sukmawidowati; Sadia Sultana; Shuguang Sun; Gangadhara Sundar; Rosanne Superstein; Eddy Supriyadi; Supawan Surukrattanaskul; Anne Susanty; Daniela Süsskind; Disorn Suwajanakorn; Shigenobu Suzuki; Karel Svojgr; Fatoumata Sylla; Sameeksha H Tadepalli; Gevorg Tamamyan; Emmanuel alicia Tambe; Deborah Tan; Mika Tanabe; Alketa Tandili; Berçin Tarlan; Fanny Fanny Tarrillo Leiva; Bekim Tateshi; Omageline Taveras Rodríguez; Kok Hoi Teh; Luiz Fernando Teixeira; Tomas Teixeira-Pinto; Manca Tekavcic Pompe; Panshak Elisha Tenmang; Honeylen Maryl T Teo; Abdullah Dahan M Thawaba; Tuyisabe Theophile; Aartie Jenny Sharitadevi Toekoen; Helen Toledano; Maria Teresa Tormo Alcañiz; Laura Andrea Torrado-Cobian; Virgínia L L Torres; Devjyoti Tripathy; Katlego Tsimane; Hoàng Anh Tuan; Samuray Tuncer; Ali Bala Umar; Abubakar Umar Dange; Mohira Nurulloevna Umarova; Anne Merry Sevani Umboh; Emel Unal; Ogul E Uner; Santosh Upadhyaya Kafle; Steen Fiil Urbak; Tatiana L Ushakova; Rustam Hodjiakbarovich Usmanov; Purjanto Tepo Utomo; Catherine Joanne Baculi Valconcha-Adraneda; Sandra Valeina; Paola Valente; Maria Cristina Vallejo Montaño; Barry van Emmenes; Milo van Hoefen Wijsard; Isac Vasco Da Gama; Lourdes Vega-Vega; Nevyana V Veleva-Krasteva; Rosa Maria Vera; Nishant Verma; Alayde Vieira; Nguyen Ba Viet; Maris Viksnins; Edwin Genaro Villacís Chafla; Victor M Villegas; Victoria Vishnevskia-Dai; Patricia Delsat Wade; Amina Hassan Wali; Angeline L Wang; Yi-Zhuo Wang; Dechen Wangmo; Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay; Jaclyn J E White; Sony Wicaksono; Basil K Williams; Matthew Walls Wilson; Amelia Da Conceição Wime; Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana; Damrong Wiwatwongwana; Charlotte Wolley Dod; Emily S Wong; Phanthipha Wongwai; Sandra Joan R Worak-Tan; Li Wu; Si-qi Wu; Lely Retno Wulandari; Daoman Xiang; Yishuang Xiao; Kang Xue; Sonal P Yadav; Jason C Yam; Huasheng Yang; Xin Ji Yang; Jenny Mungenga Yanga; Vera A Yarovaya; Andrey Yarovoy; Huijing Ye; Lauren Beth Yeager; Roberto Ignacio Yee; Olabisi Olayemi Yeye-Agba; Mulugeta A Yimer; Yacoub Abdallah Yousef; Joshua Youze; Gina Yu; Ekhtelbenina Zein; Yi Zhang; Junyang Zhao; XiaHai Zhao; Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva; Othman Ali Othman Ziko; Marcia Zondervan; Luz Yadira Zuñiga Quijano; Ido Didi Fabian

doi:10.1136/bjo-2026-329476

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Global retinoblastoma service availability in 2024 and equity trends since 2017

Journal article

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Peer reviewed

Global retinoblastoma service availability in 2024 and equity trends since 2017

Global Retinoblastoma Study Group, Mattan Arazi, Richard JC Bowman, Omayma Abdulazeem Abbass, Abdulaziz Wannas Abd, Elhassan Abdallah, Nadia Abdulazeez Abdulateef, Essam Ahmed Abdullah, Shehu Umar Abdullahi, Rula Ahmed Abdulqader, …

British journal of ophthalmology

07/16/2026

DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2026-329476

PMID: 42463304

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https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2026-329476View

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Abstract

Background/aimsTo assess the global availability of retinoblastoma (Rb) diagnostic and treatment services in 2024 and examine changes in their income-related distribution since 2017.MethodsWe conducted an international cross-sectional study with a longitudinal comparison. In 2024, 438 Rb treatment centres from 145 countries participated; 49 countries had no identified Rb centres, and four were unconfirmed. Longitudinal analyses included 246 centres from 124 countries that participated in both the 2017 and 2024 assessments. Centres reported availability of key diagnostic services (CT, MRI, pathology and genetic testing) and treatment modalities (intravenous, intravitreal and intra-arterial chemotherapy; focal therapies and radiotherapy). Service availability was assessed using country-level binary availability and proportional availability across centres. Income-related distribution was evaluated using concentration curves and concentration indices.ResultsIn 2024, pathology services were available in 143 of 145 countries (98.6%), MRI in 128 (88.3%) and genetic testing in 74 (51.0%). Intravenous chemotherapy was available in 139 countries (95.9%), intravitreal chemotherapy in 101 (69.7%) and intra-arterial chemotherapy in 69 (47.6%). Among centres participating in both study years, proportional availability increased across all modalities between 2017 and 2024, with the largest gains observed for genetic testing, intravitreal chemotherapy and cryotherapy. Except for pathology and intravenous chemotherapy, service availability remained concentrated in higher-income settings. Sensitivity analyses indicated that observed reductions in income-related inequality were not explained by income reclassification.ConclusionBetween 2017 and 2024, global availability of Rb services increased and income-related inequality narrowed. However, advanced diagnostic and eye-preserving treatments remain predominantly available in higher-income settings.

Epidemiology

Oncology

Public Health

Child health (paediatrics)

Neoplasia

Details

Title: Subtitle: Global retinoblastoma service availability in 2024 and equity trends since 2017
Creators: Global Retinoblastoma Study Group
Mattan Arazi
Richard JC Bowman
Omayma Abdulazeem Abbass
Abdulaziz Wannas Abd
Elhassan Abdallah
Nadia Abdulazeez Abdulateef
Essam Ahmed Abdullah
Shehu Umar Abdullahi
Rula Ahmed Abdulqader
Aminatu A Abdulrahman
Bezawit T Abera
Helga Inez Abrahamse-Pillay
Marta Jaime Abudo
Babiker H A Abushara
Ishan Gaurang Acharya
Olufemi Adefehinti
Olubusayo O Adejumo
Dupe S Ademola-Popoola
Armin R Afshar
Wolela Mulatu Aga
Adedayo Omobolanle Adio
Priyanka Aggarwal
Ada Aghaji
Alia Ahmad
Mururul Aisyi
Adeseye Michael Akinsete
Yasir Saadoon Abed Al Agele
Saleh A Al Mesfer
Mouroge Hashim Al Ani
Carolina Alarcon
Sandra Alarcon
Silvia Alarcón
Safaa A Faraj Al-Badri
Ana Patricia A Alcasabas
Saad A Al-Dahmash
Fithria Aldy
Amanda Alejos
Helen Aidelekoehi Alen
Amadou Issifou Alfa Bio
Yvania Alfonso Carreras
Christiane Elias Al-Haddad
Shaimaa Saad AL-Harris
Khitam Fakhir Alhasani
Hamoud Hodeish Yahya Al-Hussaini
Zulfiqar Ali Rana
Donjeta Bali Alia
Mazin Faisal Al-Jadiry
Usama Al-Jumaily
Hind Manaa Alkatan
Argentino Albino Almeida
Zinah Abdulhameed Alsaif
Khalifa Mohamed Alsawidi
Athar Abdul Samad Majeed Al-Shaheen
Entissar Hadi Al-Shammary
Sumaira Altaf
Saleh Yahya Altheeb
Doreen Amankwaa-Frempong
Primawita O Amiruddin
Miriam-Benigna Chika Amobi
Faizana Amodo
Abdou Amza
Gamboa Yessica Ana
David Arturo Ancona-Lezama
Mia Ratwita Andarsini
Corinna D Andreae
Heidi E Andrews
Nawar Jan Anwar
Akunne Ijeoma Apakama
Prena Arjyal Kafle
Nomo Arlette Francine
Inggar Armytasari
Wilhemina A Asari
Nicholas John Astbury
Hatice Tuba Atalay
Eda Ataseven
La-ongsri Atchaneeyasakul
Alua Aubakirova
Rudolf Autrata
Tatiana El Jaick B Costa
Felipe Baccega
Thierno Madjou Bah
Sameer Bakhshi
Julia Balaguer
Ruhengiz Balayeva
Shiama Indu Balendra
Rolika Bansal
Svati Bansal
Nathan Rahamim Bar Ilan
Honorio Barranco-González
Aissata Barry
Paulina Bartoszek
Covadonga Bascaran
Mairi Kate Bassingthwaighte
Bashar M Bata
Alona Baum
Wendy Diana Bautista Guzman
Ahmed Metwally Bayh
Alan M Beard
Elie A Bechara
Nikolaos E Bechrakis
Kerri Becktell
Ainura Suranovna Begimkulova
Tadele H Bekele
Raquel Benavides
Franco Benvenuto
Rokia Coulibaly Berete
Jesse L Berry
Kamsang Pius Beyiah
Anirban Bhaduri
Viral M Bhanvadia
Sunil Bhat
Kasturi Bhattacharjee
Arpita Bhattacharyya
Eva Maria Biewald
Elaine M Binkley
Michael P Blair
Arlene Onetta Bobb-Semple
Nadia Bobrova
Brenda Bohnsack
Maria Teresa B C Bonanomi
Alyssa C Bonnell
Gilbert B Bonsaana
Vanessa Bosch
Gabriela Romeiro da Cruz Botelho
Gabrielle Chantal Bouda
Chris Bowen Hédi Bouguila
Ines Brecht
Rachel Christine Brennan
Bénédicte Brichard
Brandon D Brown
Brianne Brown
Vladimir V Brzheskiy
Jassada Buaboonnam
Aléine Budiongo
Matthew J Burton
Betty Alicia Cabrera Marcelo
Doris Anjelica Calle Jara
Jennifer Camargo-González
Jayne E Camuglia
Miriam R Cano
Olivia Carolina Cardozo
Shani Caspi
Nathalie Cassoux
Guilherme Castela
Mariela Castiglioni
Luis Castillo
Jaume Català-Mora
Guillermo Luis Chantada
Felix Chau
Shabana Chaudhry
Bhavna Chawla
Amel Chebbi
Wensi Chen
Faraja Simon Chiwanga
Cheefong Chong
Yu Bai Chou
Tsengelmaa Chuluunbat
Krzysztof Cieślik
Stacie Lynn Cindea
Antony Clark
Ian H Clark
Claudia Coll
Codruta Comsa
Verónica Concepción Contreras
Kamalina Coopasamy
Zelia M Correa
Line Couitchere
Kristin Elizabeth Cowan-Lyn
Bruce N Crooks
Monika Csóka
Kumale Tolesa Daba
Ghizlane Daghouj
Daiane Memória Ribeiro Ferreira Daiane
Camila Maia Martin Daiggi
Lauren A Dalvin
Wantanee Dangboon
Małgorzata Danowska
Abhishek Das
Kalpita Das
Sima Das
Dipankar Das
Benjamin Daur
Alan Davidson
Sonia De Francesco
Maria Laura De Nicola Gianninoto
Patrick De Potter
Hakan Demirci
Anne Merrylees Dersch
Laurence Desjardins
Swati V Devanhalli
Maura Di Nicola
Jean Wenceslas Diallo
Rosdali Díaz Coronado
Cheryl Lyn Diez
Helen Dimaras
Mae Dolendo
Carla Renata Donato Macedo
Samten Dorji
Monica Desiree Dragomir
Yi Du
Aritha Du Bruyn
Johannes Petrus Du Plessis
Liezl du Plessis
Eliana Maria Duarte
Amber Dubey
Pham Dung
Chigozie Ifeoma Echieh
Katrin Eerme
Mardijas Efendi Efendi
Maya Eiger-Moscovich
Asmaa El Kettani
Amal Mohamed Elbahi
James Edward Elder
Alaa M Elhaddad
Moawia Mohammed Ali Elhassan
Rodrigue Romuald Elien Gagnan Yan Zaou Tou
Mahmoud M Elzembely
Khalid Emara
Sidnei Epelman
Gabriela Escamilla-Asiain
Vera A Essuman
Ted Grimbert Afetane Evina
Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Edak Ezeanosike
Ifeoma Regina Ezegwui
Ina Fabian
Zehra Fadoo
Mohammad Fahi mur Rehman
Rafaela Queiroz Caixeta Faraj
Omar E Fareed
Marwan H Farhan
Oluyemi Fasina
Ana Fernández-Teijeiro
Maria Fili
Melanie Finkbeiner
Lydia Kahgomia Fokunang Epse Njikam
Nelly Guylene Guylene Fopoussi
Allen Foster
Traoré Fousseyni
Shahar Frenkel
Debra L Friedman
Ligia D Fu
Soad Linneth Fuentes-Alabi
Borasisi Chenge Gabrielle
Moira Gandiwa
Suganeswari Nil Ganesan
Gloria Evelyn García Silverio
María Ximena Garcia Vicera
Juan Garcia-Leon
Dina Garniasih
Said Hussein Gedi
Jennifer A Geel
Abeba T Gessesse
Ana V Girón
Marco A Goenz
Venkata R M Gollamudi
Nir Gomel
Ricardo Gomez-Martínez
Efren Gonzalez
Graciela Gonzalez Perez
Maria Elena González-Alviar
Liudmira González-Rodríguez
Pernille A Gregersen
Nathalia de Almeida Kuyven Grigorovski
Koffi Mawuse Guedenon
Zarett Alejandra Guillen
Nazli Gul
D Sanjeeva Gunasekera
Stefanus Gunawan
Ahmet K Gündüz
Qihan Guo
Himika Gupta
Sanjiv Gupta
Vineeta Gupta
Zeynep Gursel Ozkurt
Theodora Hadjistilianou
Ulrike Hagemann
Katie M Haider
Patrick Hamel
Norhafizah Hamzah
Eric Daniel Hansen
Tyau-Tyau Harba
J William Harbour
Lloyd C M Harrison-Williams
Claire Hartnett
Sadiq Hassan
Hiroyoshi Hattori
Wojciech Hautz
Huda Awni Haydar
Stanislava Hederova
Michael Heiferman
Laila Hessissen
Morten L Høgild
Santosh G Honovar
Diriba Fufa Hordofa
Julieta Hoveyan
G Baker Hubbard
Marlies Hummelen
Mahvish Hussain
Abba Hydara
Affiong Andem Ibanga
Russo Ida
Vesna Ilic
Uzma Imam
Ziyavuddin Islamov
Amirah Zatil Izzah
Rachna Sanket Jain
Irfan Jeeva
Helen Jenkinson
Peter Skov Jensen
Xunda Ji
Jianping Zhang
Gaelle Jibia
Zi-Bing Jin
Dong Hyun Jo
Michael M Jones
Theophile Barhwamire Kabesha Amani
Joy Wanjiru Kabiru
Rolande Kabore
Swathi Kaliki
Lannes Kamara
Elvis Kamdem
Anne Njeri Kamere
Mehmet Kantar
Tamar Kardava
Angga Kartiwa
Satoru Kase
Seema Kashyap
Mandefro S Kassa
Alemnew D Kassahun
Petros Kayange
Rejin Kebudi
Jonny Keomisy
Tomas Kepak
Petra Ketteler
Aye Aye Khaing
Zohora Jameela Khan
Hussain Ahmed Khaqan
Phara Khauv
Vikas Khetan
Vincentia L Kifem
Jeong Hun Kim
Kahaki Kimani
Miriam Santiago Kimpo
Martial Vidjinnagni Kindjinou
Samuel Kipkemoi Kipchumba
Hayyam Kiratli
Lom Orng Kiry
S Aimée KISSOU
Tero T Kivela
Maya Klaff Dahl
Artur Klett
Irem Koç
Fredrick Kipkoech Korir
Jess Elio Kosh Komba Palet
Barbora Kostolna
Sandrine N’guessan Kouakou
Dalia Krivaitiene
Mariana Kruger
Toshinobu Kubota
Mayasari Wahyu Kuntorini
Patience Kuona
Purna A Kurkure
Shivayogi R Kusagur
Fatima Kyari
Merle Denisse Laffont Ortiz
Geoffrey C Lam
Robert Kipmutai Langat
Slobodanka Latinovic
Kelly D Laurenti
Alenka Lavric Groznik
Ismail Lawal
Hongtao Lei
Cairui Li
Kaijun Li
Nicole D Liberio
Kamalpreet Likhari
Li-Anne S Lim
Natalia Lisiţa
Chun-Hsiu Liu
Wenhui Liu
Juan P López
Robert Mbuli Lukamba
Sandra Luna-Fineman
Xin Luo
Rebecca Claire Lusobya
Yael Lustig-Barzelay
Delfitri Lutfi
Lesia Lysytsia
Jianmin Ma
Andi Pratiwi Machmud
Marcelo K Maestri
Betty Ndakissa Maganga
Julia Rosalina C Magno
Amita Mahajan
Aichatou Mahamadou
Aditya Maitray
Esther Majaliwa
Erika Maka
Aksana Makarevich
Lola Sharofovna Makhmudova
Emil Makimbetov
Alda Stevy Makouanzi
Azza M Y Maktabi
Sarah Naveed Malik
Ashwin Mallipatna
Magdalene Mangot
Arpita Suketu Maniar
Lyazat Manzhuova
Wulandewi Marhaeni
Brian Marr
Alison A Martin
Nieves Martín-Begue
Vongai Mashoko
Sidra Masud
Miguel A Materin
Rema E J Mathew
Elmarie Mathews
Clarissa Campolina de Sa Mattosinho
Marchelo Matua
John D McKenzie
Rachna Meel
Aemero A Mengesha
Vikas Menon
Gary John V Mercado
Evarista Mgaya
Djimta Michael
Edoardo Midena
Emilia Mihut
Michael Mikhail
Audra K Miller
Esther Sanga Misanjo
Divyansh K C Mishra
Mihir Mishra
Yonas Mitku
Shilpa Taneja Mittal
Sushant Mittal
Takako Miyamura
Furahini Godfrey Mndeme
Ahmed K Mohamed
Moltotal Mohamed
Ahmed Abdalla Mohamedani
Mona Mohammad
Zardasht Bakr Mohammed
Aseel Rashid Abed Mohammed Ali
Annette C Moll
Kehinde Fasasi Monsudi
Margarita Marvice Montero
Takeshi Morimoto
Lizette Mowatt
Prithvi Mruthyunjaya
Barnabas Gadi Mshangila
Mchikirwa Senzote Msina
Gerald Msukwa
Sangeeta Sanjay Mudaliar
Bert Mueller
Rilwan Chiroma Muhammad
Nasiru Muhammad
Justin Makasa Mulindwa
Kangwa Ichengelo M Muma
Assane Polidio Vasco Mundulai
Timothy G Murray
Kareem Olatunbosun Musa
Asma Mushtaq
Anne Ampaire Musika
Hamzah Mustak
Jalika Mustapha
Tajudeen Mustapha
Loise Njoki Mwangi
Pius Mwanja
Gita Naidu
Akshay Gopinathan Nair
Masood Naseripour
Larisa Naumenko
Joseph Matar Ndiaye
Guy S Negretti
Yetty Movieta Nency
Vladimir Neroev
Vhutshilo Netshituni
Duong Minh Nguyet
Thokozani Ngwane
Tanzeela Farah Nil
Sachiko Nishina
Cristina Elena Nițulescu
Jean Claude Niyonzima
Lucy Njambi Njeri
Festus Muigai Njuguna
Elizabeth Dennis Nkanga
Henry Ebong Nkumbe
Piet Noë
Agus Fitrian Noor
Adam Nouhou Diori
Marcel Ngoy Numbi
Kalle Nummi
Massiel Delgadillo Nuñez
Nkiru Nwachukwu
Mutale Nyaywa
Chinsisi Nyirenda
Irene Mbinya Nzamu
Dziffa-Bella Imelda-Odille Ofori-Adjei
Marvice M Okwen
Onoja Peter Okwori
Scott CN Oliver
Nadya Mustafa Omar
Anthony Christopher Go Ortiz
Daniel Ortiz Morales
Alexander H Oscar
Diego Ossandon
Ihab Saad Othman
Tommaso Padula
Halimah Pagarra
Vivian Paintsil
Luisa Paiva
Mahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu
Maristela Amaral Palazzi
Nidhi Pandey
Ruzanna Papyan
Raffaele Parrozzani
Manoj V Parulekar
Vrundaben Patel
Nisheeta Patnaik
Katherine E Paton
Mariana Pauly
Shamfa Ayanna Monifa Peart
Maria Pefkianaki
Niranjan K Pehere
Jesús Peralta
Bernardete Maria Pereira
Sanja Perić
Alyssa A Pfister
Chau Thi Minh Pham
Remezo Philbert
Zipporah Chosa Phiri
David A Plager
Pavel Pochop
Rodrigo A Polania
Vladimir Polyakov
Jimena Ponce
Jesus Gerardo Ponce-Cruz
Sara Mercedes Pozzi
Birendra Pradhan
Rogatianus Bagus Pratignyo
Joana Providência
Aditi Pujari Watve
Jiang Qian
BoonLong Quah
D Karina Quintero
Lorena Quiroga
Marlyanti Nur Rahmah
Ardizal Rahman
Purnima Rajkarnikar Sthapit
Usha Kim Ramakrishnan
Aparna Ramasubramanian
Mirtha Alicia Ramirez
Xochitl Aurora Ramirez Urenda
Marco A Ramirez-Ortiz
Alice Venyir Ramyil
Hoby Lalaina Randrianarisoa
Abhijit Suresh Rasal
Riffat Rashid
Dejan Rasic
Kershinee Reddy
M Ashwin Reddy
Maristella Bergamo Reis
Altyn Samatovna Rejepova
Lorna Renner
Madlen Reschke
Elianneth Rey Helo
David Reynders
Margaret M Reynolds
Zahratul Riadho
Dahiru Ribadu
Nadirah Rasyid Ridha
Pukhraj Rishi
Petra Ritter-Sovinz
Muhammad Riza
David L Rogers
James Rogers
Anna Rogowska
Duangnate Rojanaporn
Fernando Rojas
Livia Romero
Paule Aïda Roth
Biance Rowe
Soma Rani Roy
Svetlana Saakyan
Ahmed Hatem Sabhan
Natalia Sadovnikova
Mandeep S Sagoo
Adamou Boubacar Sahadatou
Azza Mohamed Ahmed Said
Rohit Saiju
Beatriz T Salas Mendoza
Sonsoles San Román Pacheco
Gissela Lucia Sánchez
Lara Sandri George Sanchez
Nur Melani Sari
Dian Puspita Sari
Trish A Scanlan
Paula Schaiquevich
Nathan Scott
Nadia Secchieri Rocha
Teboho Seobi
Claudia Sepulveda
Rachna Seth
Ankoor Siddharth Shah
Parag K Shah
Shawkat Ara Shakoor
Michael Shapiro
Anil Sharma
Manoj Kumar Sharma
Sadik T Sherief
Nandan G Shetye
Carol L Shields
Jyoti B Shrestha
David Sia
Isra Sid Ahmed
Sidi Sidi Cheikh
Sónia Silva
Margarida Simao
Judith Simon
Londe Simuchimba
Arun D Singh
Usha Singh
Penny Singha
Manali Singhal
Olga Rasiyanti Siregar
Bongi Sithole
Rita S Sitorus
Hikari Ambara Sjakti
Alison H Skalet
Balgis Desy Soelistyowati
Sameh E Soliman
Tetyana Sorochynska
Hansell Jose Soto
Andrew W Stacey
Sandra E Staffieri
Erin Durrie Stahl
Christina Stathopoulos
David M Steinberg
Bernhard Steiner
Caron Strahlendorf
Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez
Shailendra Sugrim
Lady Pranodia Sukmawidowati
Sadia Sultana
Shuguang Sun
Gangadhara Sundar
Rosanne Superstein
Eddy Supriyadi
Supawan Surukrattanaskul
Anne Susanty
Daniela Süsskind
Disorn Suwajanakorn
Shigenobu Suzuki
Karel Svojgr
Fatoumata Sylla
Sameeksha H Tadepalli
Gevorg Tamamyan
Emmanuel alicia Tambe
Deborah Tan
Mika Tanabe
Alketa Tandili
Berçin Tarlan
Fanny Fanny Tarrillo Leiva
Bekim Tateshi
Omageline Taveras Rodríguez
Kok Hoi Teh
Luiz Fernando Teixeira
Tomas Teixeira-Pinto
Manca Tekavcic Pompe
Panshak Elisha Tenmang
Honeylen Maryl T Teo
Abdullah Dahan M Thawaba
Tuyisabe Theophile
Aartie Jenny Sharitadevi Toekoen
Helen Toledano
Maria Teresa Tormo Alcañiz
Laura Andrea Torrado-Cobian
Virgínia L L Torres
Devjyoti Tripathy
Katlego Tsimane
Hoàng Anh Tuan
Samuray Tuncer
Ali Bala Umar
Abubakar Umar Dange
Mohira Nurulloevna Umarova
Anne Merry Sevani Umboh
Emel Unal
Ogul E Uner
Santosh Upadhyaya Kafle
Steen Fiil Urbak
Tatiana L Ushakova
Rustam Hodjiakbarovich Usmanov
Purjanto Tepo Utomo
Catherine Joanne Baculi Valconcha-Adraneda
Sandra Valeina
Paola Valente
Maria Cristina Vallejo Montaño
Barry van Emmenes
Milo van Hoefen Wijsard
Isac Vasco Da Gama
Lourdes Vega-Vega
Nevyana V Veleva-Krasteva
Rosa Maria Vera
Nishant Verma
Alayde Vieira
Nguyen Ba Viet
Maris Viksnins
Edwin Genaro Villacís Chafla
Victor M Villegas
Victoria Vishnevskia-Dai
Patricia Delsat Wade
Amina Hassan Wali
Angeline L Wang
Yi-Zhuo Wang
Dechen Wangmo
Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay
Jaclyn J E White
Sony Wicaksono
Basil K Williams
Matthew Walls Wilson
Amelia Da Conceição Wime
Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana
Damrong Wiwatwongwana
Charlotte Wolley Dod
Emily S Wong
Phanthipha Wongwai
Sandra Joan R Worak-Tan
Li Wu
Si-qi Wu
Lely Retno Wulandari
Daoman Xiang
Yishuang Xiao
Kang Xue
Sonal P Yadav
Jason C Yam
Huasheng Yang
Xin Ji Yang
Jenny Mungenga Yanga
Vera A Yarovaya
Andrey Yarovoy
Huijing Ye
Lauren Beth Yeager
Roberto Ignacio Yee
Olabisi Olayemi Yeye-Agba
Mulugeta A Yimer
Yacoub Abdallah Yousef
Joshua Youze
Gina Yu
Ekhtelbenina Zein
Yi Zhang
Junyang Zhao
XiaHai Zhao
Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva
Othman Ali Othman Ziko
Marcia Zondervan
Luz Yadira Zuñiga Quijano
Ido Didi Fabian
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: British journal of ophthalmology
DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2026-329476
PMID: 42463304
NLM abbreviation: Br J Ophthalmol
ISSN: 0007-1161
eISSN: 1468-2079
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd
Grant note: 207472 / Wellcome Senior Research Fellowship
Language: English
Electronic publication date: 07/16/2026
Academic Unit: Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Record Identifier: 9985183394502771

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