Journal article
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
Autophagy, Vol.17(1), pp.1-382
02/08/2021
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280
PMCID: PMC7996087
PMID: 33634751
Abstract
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
Keywords: Autophagosome; LC3; cancer; flux; lysosome; macroautophagy; neurodegeneration; phagophore; stress; vacuole.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
- Creators
- Daniel J Klionsky - University of Michigan–Ann ArborAmal Kamal Abdel-Aziz - Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologySara Abdelfatah - Department of Pharmaceutical BiologyMahmoud Abdellatif - Division of CardiologyAsghar Abdoli - Department of Hepatitis and HIVSteffen Abel - Department of Molecular Signal ProcessingHagai Abeliovich - Department of Biochemistry and Food ScienceMarie Abildgaard - RNA and Autophagy GroupYakubu Princely Abudu - Department of Medical BiologyAbraham Acevedo-Arozena - CIBERNED and Universidad de La Laguna, ITBIannis Adamopoulos - UC Davis Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineKhosrow Adeli - Department of Biochemistry [University of Toronto]Timon Adolph - Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, AustriaAnnagrazia Adornetto - Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional SciencesElma Aflaki - Protein Structure and Function SectionGalila Agam - Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyAnupam Agarwal - Division of Nephrology and Birmingham VA Medical CenterBharat Aggarwal - Inflammation Research CenterMaria Agnello - Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)Patrizia Agostinis - Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular & Molecular MedicineJaved Agrewala - Indian Institute of TechnologyAlexander Agrotis - The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit [Dundee, UK]Patricia Aguilar - Department of Pathology [Dallas]S Tariq Ahmad - Department of BiologyZubair Ahmed - Departments of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceUlises Ahumada-Castro - Center for Integrative Biology, and Geroscience Center for Brain Health and MetabolismSonja Aits - Department of Experimental Medical Science, Cell Death, Lysosomes and Artificial Intelligence GroupShu Aizawa - College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon UniversityYunus Akkoc - Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and KUTTAM Research Center for Translational MedicineTonia Akoumianaki - School of Medicine. Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial PathogenesisHafize Aysin Akpinar - Cancer Therapeutics UnitAhmed Al-Abd - Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of PharmacyLina Al-Akra - Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of SydneyAbeer Al-Gharaibeh - Department of ResearchMoulay Alaoui-Jamali - Departments of Medicine and Oncology and Segal Cancer CentreSimon Alberti - Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering [TU Dresden, Germany]Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez - Departamento de Psicología ExperimentalCristiano Alessandri - Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular SciencesMuhammad Ali - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore]M Abdul Alim Al-Bari - Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, BangladeshSaeb Aliwaini - Islamic University of GazaJavad Alizadeh - University of Manitoba [Winnipeg]Eugènia Almacellas - University of BarcelonaAlexandru Almasan - Cleveland ClinicAlicia Alonso - University of the Basque Country [Bizkaia]Guillermo D Alonso - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, “Dr. Héctor N. Torres” [Buenos Aires]Nihal Altan-Bonnet - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda]Dario C Altieri - The Wistar InstituteÉlida M. C Álvarez - University of Buenos Aires [Argentina]Sara Alves - Universidade do PortoCristine Alves Da Costa - Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZMazen Alzaharna - Islamic University of GazaMarialaura Amadio - University of PaviaConsuelo Amantini - University of CamerinoCristina Amaral - Universidade do PortoSusanna Ambrosio - Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine = Istituto Telethon di Genetica e MedicinaAmal Amer - Ohio State University [Columbus]Veena AmmanathanZhenyi An - University of California [San Francisco]Stig Andersen - Aarhus University [Aarhus]Shaida Andrabi - University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham]Magaiver Andrade-Silva - Federal University of Sao PauloAllen Andres - Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterSabrina Angelini - University of BolognaDavid Ann - City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center [Duarte]Uche Anozie - The University of Tennessee [Knoxville]Mohammad Y Ansari - Northeastern Ohio Medical UniversityPedro Antas - Chronic Diseases Research CenterAdam Antebi - Max planck Institute for Biology of Ageing [Cologne]Zuriñe Antón - School of Biochemistry, University of BristolTahira Anwar - University of HelsinkiLionel Apetoh - Inserm U1231 University UBFC DijonNadezda Apostolova - University of ValenciaToshiyuki Araki - National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry [Tokyo, Japan]Yasuhiro ArakiKohei ArasakiWagner AraújoJun ArayaCatherine ArdenMaria-Angeles ArévaloSandro ArguellesEsperanza AriasJyothi ArikkathHirokazu ArimotoAileen AriosaDarius Armstrong-JamesLaetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin - Centre de Biologie IntégrativeAngeles ArocaDaniela ArroyoIvica ArsovRubén ArteroDalia Maria Lucia AsaroMichael AschnerMilad AshrafizadehOsnat Ashur-FabianAtanas AtanasovAlicia AuPatrick Auberger - Centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaireHolger AunerLaure Aurelian
- Contributors
- Erin M Buckingham (Contributor) - University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of PediatricsCharles Grose (Contributor) - University of Iowa, Infectious Disease (Pediatrics)Vitor A Lira (Contributor) - University of Iowa, Health and Human PhysiologyVeena Prahlad (Contributor) - University of Iowa, BiologyLing Yang (Contributor) - University of Iowa, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Autophagy, Vol.17(1), pp.1-382
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- DOI
- 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280
- PMID
- 33634751
- PMCID
- PMC7996087
- ISSN
- 1554-8627
- eISSN
- 1554-8635
- Grant note
- DOI: 10.13039/100000057, name: National Institute of General Medical Sciences, award: GM131919
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 02/08/2021
- Academic Unit
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Anatomy and Cell Biology; Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Iowa Neuroscience Institute; Biology; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center; Infectious Disease (Pediatrics); Health and Human Physiology
- Record Identifier
- 9984070307102771
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