Journal article
How robust is the association between smoking and depression in adults? A meta-analysis using linear mixed-effects models
Addictive behaviors, Vol.39(10), pp.1418-1429
10/2014
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.011
PMID: 24935795
Abstract
Our objective was to use meta-analytic techniques to assess the strength of the overall relationship and role of potential moderators in the association between smoking and depression in adults.
Two popular health and social science databases (PubMed and PsycINFO) were systematically searched to identify studies which examined the association between adult smoking behavior and major depressive disorder (MDD) or depressive symptoms. A total of 85 relevant studies were selected for inclusion. Studies were analyzed using a linear mixed effects modeling package (“lme4” for R) and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis program version 2.
Multiple nested linear mixed-effects models were compared. The best fitting models were those that included only random study effects and smoking status. In cross-sectional studies, current smokers were more likely to be depressed than never smokers (OR=1.50, CI=1.39–1.60), and current smokers were more likely to be depressed than former smokers (OR=1.76, CI=1.48–2.09). The few available prospective studies, that used the requisite statistical adjustments, also showed smokers at baseline had greater odds of incident depression at follow-up than never smokers (OR=1.62, CI=1.10–2.40).
In cross-sectional studies, smoking was associated with a nearly two-fold increased risk of depression relative to both never smokers and former smokers. In the smaller set of prospective studies, the odds of subsequent depression were also higher for current than never smokers. Attesting to its robustness, the relationship between smoking and depression was exhibited across several moderators. Findings could help health care providers to more effectively anticipate co-occurring health issues of their patients. Several methodological recommendations for future research are offered.
•Eighty-five studies investigating adult smoking and depression were reviewed.•Few studies reported background information like smoking levels or abstinence length.•Current smokers were more likely to be depressed than former or never smokers.•Current smokers had greater odds of incident depression at follow-up.•Smoking was associated with depression across a variety of moderators.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- How robust is the association between smoking and depression in adults? A meta-analysis using linear mixed-effects models
- Creators
- Tana M Luger - Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, 200 Springs Road, Building 70 , Bedford, MA 02117, USAJerry Suls - Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USAMark W Vander Weg - Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Addictive behaviors, Vol.39(10), pp.1418-1429
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.011
- PMID
- 24935795
- NLM abbreviation
- Addict Behav
- ISSN
- 0306-4603
- eISSN
- 1873-6327
- Publisher
- Elsevier Ltd
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 10/2014
- Academic Unit
- Psychological and Brain Sciences; Injury Prevention Research Center; Community and Behavioral Health; Internal Medicine
- Record Identifier
- 9984063137702771
Metrics
20 Record Views