Journal article
Leadership Aspiration: An Intersectional Analysis of Racial and Gender Equity in Pharmacy
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, Vol.63(1), pp.80-89
2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.014
Abstract
The glass ceiling is a metaphor used to describe an invisible barrier that prevents an underrepresented group from rising beyond a certain level. Among pharmacists, underrepresented groups face various barriers and limitations to their successes.
The purpose of this study was to apply the intersectionality framework to data collected from the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS) to understand the association of gender and race on leadership aspiration among pharmacists, including differences in perceived barriers and attractors for pursuing leadership.
The 2019 NPWS was conducted using an electronic Qualtrics survey. Three emails containing the survey link were sent to a systematic random sample of 94,803 pharmacists through the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Foundation e-profile system. The 2019 NPWS had an overall response rate of 6% (5,705/94,803). A total of 8,466 pharmacists clicked on the survey link, resulting in a usable response rate of 67.3% (5,705/8,466). Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive and Pearson’s r and Chi-Square test statistics.
Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) pharmacists reported holding 10.7% of all leadership positions. Leadership positions included manager/assistant manager, executive/dean/director/chief pharmacy officer, owner/partner, and other position types. White men and women reported the lowest interest in leadership (38.8% and 37.7%), while Black men (65.1%), Latinas (59.2%), Black women (58.5%), and Latinos (57.1%) had the highest interest in leadership. “The ability to make an impact” was the most frequently selected attractor for wanting to pursue leadership, selected by 92.5% and 79.6% of Black men and women; respectively, 77.8% of Other women, and 76.9% of Latinos. At graduation from pharmacy school, the student debt loan average of all graduation years ranged from $63,886 (+$73,701) for Other men to $112,384 (+$105,417) for Black women. Higher student loan debt was positively correlated with wanting to pursue a leadership position (r=0.22, p<0.001). Black women graduating 2011-2019 had the highest student loan debt at gradation ($194,456, +$88,898).
Interest in leadership positions by BIPOC pharmacists compared to reported leadership roles reported were inversely correlated. Understanding the discrepancy in interest in leadership and reported leadership positions held, particularly with relation to race and gender, is essential to understanding equity in pharmacy leadership. Further research is warranted to understand the factors that impede the ascension of women and underrepresented pharmacists into leadership positions.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Leadership Aspiration: An Intersectional Analysis of Racial and Gender Equity in Pharmacy
- Creators
- Brianne K. BakkenRawan Oudeh - Medical College of WisconsinCaroline A. Gaither - University of MinnesotaVibhuti Arya - Professor, St. John’s UniversityWilliam R. Doucette - University of IowaMatthew J. Witry - University of IowaDavid H. Kreling - University of Wisconsin–MadisonDavid A. Mott - University of Wisconsin–MadisonJon C. Schommer - University of Minnesota
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, Vol.63(1), pp.80-89
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.014
- ISSN
- 1544-3191
- eISSN
- 1544-3450
- Publisher
- Elsevier Inc
- Language
- English
- Electronic publication date
- 08/2022
- Date published
- 2023
- Academic Unit
- Nursing; Pharmacy Practice and Science; Internal Medicine
- Record Identifier
- 9984359677802771
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