Journal article
Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, Vol.6(2), pp.127-137
06/2003
DOI: 10.1017/S1461145703003341
PMID: 12890306
Abstract
Weekly affective symptom severity and polarity were compared in 135 bipolar I (BP I) and 71 bipolar II (BP II) patients during up to 20 yr of prospective symptomatic follow-up. The course of BP I and BP II was chronic; patients were symptomatic approximately half of all follow-up weeks (BP I 46.6% and BP II 55.8% of weeks). Most bipolar disorder research has concentrated on episodes of MDD and mania and yet minor and subsyndromal symptoms are three times more common during the long-term course. Weeks with depressive symptoms predominated over manic/hypomanic symptoms in both disorders (3[ratio ]1) in BP I and BP II at 37[ratio ]1 in a largely depressive course (depressive symptoms=59.1% of weeks vs. hypomanic=1.9% of weeks). BP I patients had more weeks of cycling/mixed polarity, hypomanic and subsyndromal hypomanic symptoms. Weekly symptom severity and polarity fluctuated frequently within the same bipolar patient, in which the longitudinal symptomatic expression of BP I and BP II is dimensional in nature involving all levels of affective symptom severity of mania and depression. Although BP I is more severe, BP II with its intensely chronic depressive features is not simply the ‘lesser’ of the bipolar disorders; it is also a serious illness, more so than previously thought (for instance, as described in DSM-IV and ICP-10). It is likely that this conventional view is the reason why BP II patients were prescribed pharmacological treatments significantly less often when acutely symptomatic and during intervals between episodes. Taken together with previous research by us on the long-term structure of unipolar depression, we submit that the thrust of our work during the past decade supports ‘classic’ notions of a broader affective disorder spectrum, bringing bipolarity and recurrent unipolarity closer together. However the genetic variation underlying such a putative spectrum remains to be clarified.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders
- Creators
- Lewis L Judd - National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression – Clinical StudiesConducted with the participation of the following investigators: M. B. Keller, MD (Chairperson, Providence), W. Coryell, MD (Co-Chairperson, Iowa City), T. I. Mueller, MD, D. A. Solomon, MD (Providence), J. Fawcett, MD, W. A. Scheftner, MD (Chicago), W. Coryell, MD, J. Haley (Iowa City), J. Endicott, PhD, A. C. Leon, PhD, J. Loth, MSW (New York), J. Rice, PhD, T. Reich, MD (St. Louis). Other contributors include: H. S. Akiskal, MD, N. C. Andreasen, MD, PhD, P. J. Clayton, MD, J. Croughan, MD, RM, A. Hirschfeld, MD, L. Judd, MD, M. M. Katz, PhD, P. W. Lavori, PhD, J. D. Maser, PhD, M. T. Shea, PhD, R. L. Spitzer, MD, M. A. Young, PhD. Deceased: G. L. Klerman, MD, E. Robins, MD, R. W. Shapiro, MD, G. Winokur, MDPamela J Schettler - Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USAHagop S Akiskal - National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression – Clinical StudiesConducted with the participation of the following investigators: M. B. Keller, MD (Chairperson, Providence), W. Coryell, MD (Co-Chairperson, Iowa City), T. I. Mueller, MD, D. A. Solomon, MD (Providence), J. Fawcett, MD, W. A. Scheftner, MD (Chicago), W. Coryell, MD, J. Haley (Iowa City), J. Endicott, PhD, A. C. Leon, PhD, J. Loth, MSW (New York), J. Rice, PhD, T. Reich, MD (St. Louis). Other contributors include: H. S. Akiskal, MD, N. C. Andreasen, MD, PhD, P. J. Clayton, MD, J. Croughan, MD, RM, A. Hirschfeld, MD, L. Judd, MD, M. M. Katz, PhD, P. W. Lavori, PhD, J. D. Maser, PhD, M. T. Shea, PhD, R. L. Spitzer, MD, M. A. Young, PhD. Deceased: G. L. Klerman, MD, E. Robins, MD, R. W. Shapiro, MD, G. Winokur, MDJack Maser - National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression – Clinical StudiesConducted with the participation of the following investigators: M. B. Keller, MD (Chairperson, Providence), W. Coryell, MD (Co-Chairperson, Iowa City), T. I. Mueller, MD, D. A. Solomon, MD (Providence), J. Fawcett, MD, W. A. Scheftner, MD (Chicago), W. Coryell, MD, J. Haley (Iowa City), J. Endicott, PhD, A. C. Leon, PhD, J. Loth, MSW (New York), J. Rice, PhD, T. Reich, MD (St. Louis). Other contributors include: H. S. Akiskal, MD, N. C. Andreasen, MD, PhD, P. J. Clayton, MD, J. Croughan, MD, RM, A. Hirschfeld, MD, L. Judd, MD, M. M. Katz, PhD, P. W. Lavori, PhD, J. D. Maser, PhD, M. T. Shea, PhD, R. L. Spitzer, MD, M. A. Young, PhD. Deceased: G. L. Klerman, MD, E. Robins, MD, R. W. Shapiro, MD, G. Winokur, MDWilliam Coryell - National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression – Clinical StudiesConducted with the participation of the following investigators: M. B. Keller, MD (Chairperson, Providence), W. Coryell, MD (Co-Chairperson, Iowa City), T. I. Mueller, MD, D. A. Solomon, MD (Providence), J. Fawcett, MD, W. A. Scheftner, MD (Chicago), W. Coryell, MD, J. Haley (Iowa City), J. Endicott, PhD, A. C. Leon, PhD, J. Loth, MSW (New York), J. Rice, PhD, T. Reich, MD (St. Louis). Other contributors include: H. S. Akiskal, MD, N. C. Andreasen, MD, PhD, P. J. Clayton, MD, J. Croughan, MD, RM, A. Hirschfeld, MD, L. Judd, MD, M. M. Katz, PhD, P. W. Lavori, PhD, J. D. Maser, PhD, M. T. Shea, PhD, R. L. Spitzer, MD, M. A. Young, PhD. Deceased: G. L. Klerman, MD, E. Robins, MD, R. W. Shapiro, MD, G. Winokur, MDDavid Solomon - National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression – Clinical StudiesConducted with the participation of the following investigators: M. B. Keller, MD (Chairperson, Providence), W. Coryell, MD (Co-Chairperson, Iowa City), T. I. Mueller, MD, D. A. Solomon, MD (Providence), J. Fawcett, MD, W. A. Scheftner, MD (Chicago), W. Coryell, MD, J. Haley (Iowa City), J. Endicott, PhD, A. C. Leon, PhD, J. Loth, MSW (New York), J. Rice, PhD, T. Reich, MD (St. Louis). Other contributors include: H. S. Akiskal, MD, N. C. Andreasen, MD, PhD, P. J. Clayton, MD, J. Croughan, MD, RM, A. Hirschfeld, MD, L. Judd, MD, M. M. Katz, PhD, P. W. Lavori, PhD, J. D. Maser, PhD, M. T. Shea, PhD, R. L. Spitzer, MD, M. A. Young, PhD. Deceased: G. L. Klerman, MD, E. Robins, MD, R. W. Shapiro, MD, G. Winokur, MDJean Endicott - National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression – Clinical StudiesConducted with the participation of the following investigators: M. B. Keller, MD (Chairperson, Providence), W. Coryell, MD (Co-Chairperson, Iowa City), T. I. Mueller, MD, D. A. Solomon, MD (Providence), J. Fawcett, MD, W. A. Scheftner, MD (Chicago), W. Coryell, MD, J. Haley (Iowa City), J. Endicott, PhD, A. C. Leon, PhD, J. Loth, MSW (New York), J. Rice, PhD, T. Reich, MD (St. Louis). Other contributors include: H. S. Akiskal, MD, N. C. Andreasen, MD, PhD, P. J. Clayton, MD, J. Croughan, MD, RM, A. Hirschfeld, MD, L. Judd, MD, M. M. Katz, PhD, P. W. Lavori, PhD, J. D. Maser, PhD, M. T. Shea, PhD, R. L. Spitzer, MD, M. A. Young, PhD. Deceased: G. L. Klerman, MD, E. Robins, MD, R. W. Shapiro, MD, G. Winokur, MDMartin Keller - National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression – Clinical StudiesConducted with the participation of the following investigators: M. B. Keller, MD (Chairperson, Providence), W. Coryell, MD (Co-Chairperson, Iowa City), T. I. Mueller, MD, D. A. Solomon, MD (Providence), J. Fawcett, MD, W. A. Scheftner, MD (Chicago), W. Coryell, MD, J. Haley (Iowa City), J. Endicott, PhD, A. C. Leon, PhD, J. Loth, MSW (New York), J. Rice, PhD, T. Reich, MD (St. Louis). Other contributors include: H. S. Akiskal, MD, N. C. Andreasen, MD, PhD, P. J. Clayton, MD, J. Croughan, MD, RM, A. Hirschfeld, MD, L. Judd, MD, M. M. Katz, PhD, P. W. Lavori, PhD, J. D. Maser, PhD, M. T. Shea, PhD, R. L. Spitzer, MD, M. A. Young, PhD. Deceased: G. L. Klerman, MD, E. Robins, MD, R. W. Shapiro, MD, G. Winokur, MD
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, Vol.6(2), pp.127-137
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK
- DOI
- 10.1017/S1461145703003341
- PMID
- 12890306
- ISSN
- 1461-1457
- eISSN
- 1469-5111
- Number of pages
- 11
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 06/2003
- Academic Unit
- Psychiatry
- Record Identifier
- 9984003953402771
Metrics
20 Record Views