Longitudinal assessment of occupational exposures to the organophosphorous insecticides chlorpyrifos and profenofos in Egyptian cotton field workers

Steven T Singleton; Pamela J Lein; Oswald A Dadson; Barbara P McGarrigle; Fayssal M Farahat; Taghreed Farahat; Matthew R Bonner; Richard A Fenske; Kit Galvin; Michael R Lasarev; W Kent Anger; Diane S Rohlman; James R Olson

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.005

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Longitudinal assessment of occupational exposures to the organophosphorous insecticides chlorpyrifos and profenofos in Egyptian cotton field workers

Journal article

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Peer reviewed

Longitudinal assessment of occupational exposures to the organophosphorous insecticides chlorpyrifos and profenofos in Egyptian cotton field workers

Steven T Singleton, Pamela J Lein, Oswald A Dadson, Barbara P McGarrigle, Fayssal M Farahat, Taghreed Farahat, Matthew R Bonner, Richard A Fenske, Kit Galvin, Michael R Lasarev, …

International journal of hygiene and environmental health, Vol.218(2), pp.203-211

03/2015

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.005

PMCID: PMC4323691

PMID: 25466362

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Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and profenofos (PFF) are organophosphorus (OP) insecticides that are applied seasonally in Egypt to cotton fields. Urinary trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific CPF metabolite, and 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP), a specific PFF metabolite, are biomarkers of exposure, while inhibition of blood butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities are effect biomarkers that may be associated with neurotoxicity. Urinary TCPy and BCP and blood BChE and AChE activities were measured in 37 adult Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture workers during and after 9-17 consecutive days of CPF application followed by an application of PFF (9-11 days), and a second CPF application (5 days) in 2008. During the OP applications, urinary TCPy and BCP levels were significantly higher than baseline levels, remained elevated following the application periods, and were associated with an exposure related inhibition of blood BChE and AChE. Analysis of blood AChE levels before and after the PFF application period suggests that individual workers with peak BCP levels greater than 1000 μg/g creatinine exhibited further inhibition of blood AChE with PFF application, demonstrating that PFF exposure had a negative impact on AChE activity in this highly exposed worker population. While large interindividual differences in exposure were observed throughout this longitudinal study (peak urinary BCP and peak TCPy levels for individuals ranging from 13.4 to 8052 and 16.4 to 30,107 μg/g creatinine, respectively), these urinary biomarkers were highly correlated within workers (r=0.75, p<0.001). This suggests that the relative exposures to CPF and PFF were highly correlated for a given worker. The variable exposures between job classification and work site suggest that job title and work location should not be used as the sole basis for categorizing OP exposures when assessing neurobehavioral and other health outcomes in Egyptian cotton field workers. Together, these findings will be important in educating the Egyptian insecticide application workers in order to encourage the development and implementation of work practices and personal protective equipment to reduce their exposure to CPF and PFF.

Gossypium

Humans

Middle Aged

Occupational Exposure

Egypt

Workplace

Creatinine - urine

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Organothiophosphates - toxicity

Butyrylcholinesterase - metabolism

Chlorpyrifos - toxicity

Creatinine - blood

Adult

Pyridones - metabolism

Agriculture

Organophosphorus Compounds - toxicity

Chlorophenols - metabolism

Biomarkers, Pharmacological - metabolism

Insecticides - toxicity

Longitudinal Studies

Acetylcholinesterase - metabolism

Details

Title: Subtitle: Longitudinal assessment of occupational exposures to the organophosphorous insecticides chlorpyrifos and profenofos in Egyptian cotton field workers
Creators: Steven T Singleton - Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
Pamela J Lein - UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
Oswald A Dadson - Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
Barbara P McGarrigle - Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
Fayssal M Farahat - Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
Taghreed Farahat - Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
Matthew R Bonner - Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
Richard A Fenske - University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Kit Galvin - University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Michael R Lasarev - Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
W Kent Anger - Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Diane S Rohlman - University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
James R Olson - Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. Electronic address: jolson@buffalo.edu
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: International journal of hygiene and environmental health, Vol.218(2), pp.203-211
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.005
PMID: 25466362
PMCID: PMC4323691
NLM abbreviation: Int J Hyg Environ Health
ISSN: 1438-4639
eISSN: 1618-131X
Publisher: Germany
Grant note: P30 ES005605 / NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES022163 / NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES016308 / NIEHS NIH HHS
Language: English
Date published: 03/2015
Academic Unit: Occupational and Environmental Health; International Programs; Injury Prevention Research Center
Record Identifier: 9983997493202771

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