Journal article
Low Blood Lead Levels Associated with Clinically Diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Mediated by Weak Cognitive Control
Biological psychiatry (1969), Vol.63(3), pp.325-331
02/01/2008
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.013
PMCID: PMC2818788
PMID: 17868654
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and low-level lead exposure are high-prevalence conditions among children, and studies of large populations have suggested that these conditions are related. We examine this relationship in children from a community sample exposed to average background levels of lead who have a diagnosis of ADHD that is established by clinical criteria.
One hundred fifty children ages 8–17 years participated (mean age = 14 years; 53 control subjects, 47 ADHD Predominantly Inattentive type, 50 ADHD-Combined type). Diagnosis was formally established with a semi-structured clinical interview and parent and teacher ratings. Children completed intelligence quotient (IQ) measures and the stop task (a neuropsychological measure). Lead was assayed from whole blood with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Blood lead levels in this sample closely matched US population exposure averages, with a maximum level of 3.4 μg/dL. Blood lead levels were statistically significantly higher in ADHD-combined type than in non-ADHD control (p < .05) children. Blood lead was associated with symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but not inattention-disorganization, after control of covariates. Blood lead levels were linked with a lower IQ (p < .05), but IQ did not account for effects on hyperactivity. Instead, hyperactivity mediated effects of lead on IQ. Effects of blood lead on hyperactivity-impulsivity were mediated by poor performance on the stop task. This mediation effect was independent of effects of lead on IQ.
Low-level lead exposure might be an important contributor to ADHD. Its effects seem to be mediated by less effective cognitive control, consistent with a route of influence via striatal-frontal neural circuits.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Low Blood Lead Levels Associated with Clinically Diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Mediated by Weak Cognitive Control
- Creators
- Joel T Nigg - Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East LansingG. Mark Knottnerus - State of Michigan Department of Community Health, Bureau of Labs, Lansing, MichiganMichelle M Martel - Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East LansingMolly Nikolas - Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East LansingKevin Cavanagh - State of Michigan Department of Community Health, Bureau of Labs, Lansing, MichiganWilfried Karmaus - University of South Carolina, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Columbia, South CarolinaMarsha D Rappley - Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Biological psychiatry (1969), Vol.63(3), pp.325-331
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.013
- PMID
- 17868654
- PMCID
- PMC2818788
- NLM abbreviation
- Biol Psychiatry
- ISSN
- 0006-3223
- eISSN
- 1873-2402
- Publisher
- Elsevier Inc
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 02/01/2008
- Academic Unit
- Psychological and Brain Sciences; Injury Prevention Research Center
- Record Identifier
- 9984213399502771
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