Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level Distributions Across Different Ages: Implications for Screening Children for Severe and Familial Hypercholesterolemia

This work was supported primarily by National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01HL141823 (Drs Moran and de Ferranti). Funding support was also provided by R01HL168379 and R01HL155081 (Dr Zhang) and K23HL130627 and R21HL129924 (Dr Oelsner). Dr Magnussen is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council investigator grant (APP1176494). The contents of the published material are solely the responsibility of the individual authors and do not reflect the views of the National Health and Medical Research Council. The ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Department of Health and Human Services (contract numbers 75N92022D00001, 75N92022D00002, 75N92022D00003, 75N92022D00004, and 75N92022D00005). CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) is conducted and supported by the NHLBI in collaboration with the University of Alabama at Birmingham (HHSN268201800005I and HHSN268201800007I), Northwestern University (HHSN268201800003I), University of Minnesota (HHSN268201800006I), and Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (HHSN268201800004I). CAR- DIA was also partially supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging and an intra-agency agreement between the National Institute on Aging and NHLBI (AG0005). CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study) was supported by contracts HHSN268201200036C, HH- SN268200800007C, HHSN268201800001C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, and 75N92021D00006, and grants U01HL080295, R01HL105756, R01HL105756, and U01HL130114 from the NHLBI, with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Additional support was provided by R01AG023629 from the National Institute on Aging. A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at CHS- NHLBI.org. FHS (Framingham Heart Study) was supported by contracts N01- HC-25195, HHSN268201500001I, and 75N92019D00031 from the NHLBI and grant supplement R01 HL092577-06S1. JHS (Jackson Heart Study) is supported and conducted in collaboration with Jackson State University (HH- SN268201800013I), Tougaloo College (HHSN268201800014I), Mississippi State Department of Health (HHSN268201800015I), and University of Mississippi Medical Center (HHSN268201800010I, HHSN268201800011I, and HHSN268201800012I) contracts from NHLBI and the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. The authors thank the staff and participants of JHS. The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) projects are conducted and supported by the NHLBI in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support for MESA is provided by contracts 75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, 75N92020D00005, N01-HC-95160, 75N92020D00002, N01-HC-95161, 75N92020D00003, N01-HC-95162, 75N92020D00006, N01-HC-95163, 75N92020D00004, N01-HC-95164, 75N92020D00007, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01- HC-95169, UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-001420, UL- 1TR001881, DK063491, and R01HL105756. A fill list of participating MESA investigators and institutes can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. The i3C (International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort) consortium was supported by NIH R01 HL121230. The Bogalusa Heart Study was supported by NIH SCOR- A/P60 HL15103; U01 HL038844; R01s HL002942, HD032194, AG016592, HD069587, ES021724, and AG062309; R03s HD047247, HD062783, and AG060619; R21/R33 AG057983; RF1 AG041200; and the American Heart Association (grants 13SDG14650068 and 0160261B). The Minneapolis Childhood Cohort Studies were supported by NIH R01s HL19877, HL34659, HL52851, and DK072124; K23 HL04000; Vikings Children's Fund; and a Department of Pediatrics Legacy Grant. The NHLBI Growth and Health Study was supported by NIH contract N01-HC055025, U01 HL48941, R01s HL52911 and HL66430, and R21/R33 AG057983. The Princeton Lipid Research Study was supported by NIH NHLBI contract N01-HV022914L; R01s HL33973 and GM28719; HL62394; R21 DK085363; R21/R33 AG057983; and the American Heart Association (grant 9750129N).