Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

R Abbasi; M Ackermann; J Adams; S. K Agarwalla; J. A Aguilar; M Ahlers; J. M Alameddine; N. M Amin; K Andeen; C Argüelles; Y Ashida; S Athanasiadou; S. N Axani; R Babu; X Bai; J Baines-Holmes; A Balagopal V.; S. W Barwick; S Bash; V Basu; R Bay; J. J Beatty; J Becker Tjus; P Behrens; J Beise; C Bellenghi; B Benkel; S BenZvi; D Berley; E Bernardini; D. Z Besson; E Blaufuss; L Bloom; S Blot; I Bodo; F Bontempo; J. Y Book Motzkin; C Boscolo Meneguolo; S Böser; O Botner; J Böttcher; J Braun; B Brinson; Z Brisson-Tsavoussis; R. T Burley; D Butterfield; M. A Campana; K Carloni; J Carpio; S Chattopadhyay; N Chau; Z Chen; D Chirkin; S Choi; B. A Clark; A Coleman; P Coleman; G. H Collin; A Connolly; J. M Conrad; R Corley; D. F Cowen; C De Clercq; J. J DeLaunay; D Delgado; T Delmeulle; S Deng; P Desiati; K. D de Vries; G de Wasseige; T DeYoung; J. C Díaz-Vélez; S DiKerby; M Dittmer; A Domi; L Draper; L Dueser; D Durnford; K Dutta; M. A DuVernois; T Ehrhardt; L Eidenschink; A Eimer; P Eller; E Ellinger; D Elsässer; R Engel; H Erpenbeck; W Esmail; S Eulig; J Evans; P. A Evenson; K. L Fan; K Fang; K Farrag; A. R Fazely; A Fedynitch; N Feigl; C Finley; L Fischer; D Fox; A Franckowiak; S Fukami; P Fürst; J Gallagher; E Ganster; A Garcia; M Garcia; G Garg; E Genton; L Gerhardt; A Ghadimi; C Glaser; T Glüsenkamp; J. G Gonzalez; S Goswami; A Granados; D Grant; S. J Gray; S Griffin; S Griswold; K. M Groth; D Guevel; C Günther; P Gutjahr; C Ha; C Haack; A Hallgren; L Halve; F Halzen; L Hamacher; M Ha Minh; M Handt; K Hanson; J Hardin; A. A Harnisch; P Hatch; A Haungs; J Häußler; K Helbing; J Hellrung; L Hennig; L Heuermann; R Hewett; N Heyer; S Hickford; A Hidvegi; C Hill; G. C Hill; R Hmaid; K. D Hoffman; D Hooper; S Hori; K Hoshina; M Hostert; W Hou; T Huber; K Hultqvist; K Hymon; A Ishihara; W Iwakiri; M Jacquart; S Jain; O Janik; M Jeong; M Jin; N Kamp; D Kang; X Kang; A Kappes; L Kardum; T Karg; M Karl; A Karle; A Katil; M Kauer; J. L Kelley; M Khanal; A Khatee Zathul; A Kheirandish; H Kimku; J Kiryluk; C Klein; S. R Klein; Y Kobayashi; A Kochocki; R Koirala; H Kolanoski; T Kontrimas; L Köpke; C Kopper; D. J Koskinen; P Koundal; M Kowalski; T Kozynets; N Krieger; J Krishnamoorthi; T Krishnan; K Kruiswijk; E Krupczak; A Kumar; E Kun; N Kurahashi; N Lad; C Lagunas Gualda; L Lallement Arnaud; M Lamoureux; M. J Larson; F Lauber; J. P Lazar; K Leonard DeHolton; A Leszczyńska; J Liao; Y. T Liu; M Liubarska; C Love; L Lu; F Lucarelli; W Luszczak; Y Lyu; J Madsen; E Magnus; K. B. M Mahn; Y Makino; E Manao; S Mancina; A Mand; I. C Mariş; S Marka; Z Marka; L Marten; I Martinez-Soler; R Maruyama; F Mayhew; F McNally; J. V Mead; K Meagher; S Mechbal; A Medina; M Meier; Y Merckx; L Merten; J Mitchell; L Molchany; T Montaruli; R. W Moore; Y Morii; A Mosbrugger; M Moulai; D Mousadi; T Mukherjee; R Naab; M Nakos; U Naumann; J Necker; L Neste; M Neumann; H Niederhausen; M. U Nisa; K Noda; A Noell; A Novikov; A Obertacke Pollmann; V O’Dell; A Olivas; R Orsoe; J Osborn; E O’Sullivan; V Palusova; H Pandya; A Parenti; N Park; V Parrish; E. N Paudel; L Paul; C Pérez de los Heros; T Pernice; J Peterson; M Plum; A Pontén; V Poojyam; Y Popovych; M Prado Rodriguez; B Pries; R Procter-Murphy; G. T Przybylski; L Pyras; C Raab; J Rack-Helleis; N Rad; M Ravn; K Rawlins; Z Rechav; A Rehman; I Reistroffer; E Resconi; S Reusch; C. D Rho; W Rhode; B Riedel; A Rifaie; E. J Roberts; S Robertson; M Rongen; A Rosted; C Rott; T Ruhe; L Ruohan; J Saffer; D Salazar-Gallegos; P Sampathkumar; A Sandrock; G Sanger-Johnson; M Santander; S Sarkar; J Savelberg; P Schaile; M Schaufel; H Schieler; S Schindler; L Schlickmann; B Schlüter; F Schlüter; N Schmeisser; T Schmidt; F. G Schröder; L Schumacher; S Schwirn; S Sclafani; D Seckel; L Seen; M Seikh; S Seunarine; P. A Sevle Myhr; R Shah; S Shefali; N Shimizu; B Skrzypek; R Snihur; J Soedingrekso; A Søgaard; D Soldin; P Soldin; G Sommani; C Spannfellner; G. M Spiczak; C Spiering; Juliana Stachurska; M Stamatikos; T Stanev; T Stezelberger; T Stürwald; T Stuttard; G. W Sullivan; I Taboada; S Ter-Antonyan; A Terliuk; A Thakuri; M Thiesmeyer; W. G Thompson; J Thwaites; S Tilav; K Tollefson; S Toscano; D Tosi; A Trettin; A. K Upadhyay; K Upshaw; A Vaidyanathan; N Valtonen-Mattila; J Valverde; J Vandenbroucke; T Van Eeden; N van Eijndhoven; J van Santen; J Vara; F Varsi; M Venugopal; M Vereecken; S Vergara Carrasco; S Verpoest; D Veske; A Vijai; J Villarreal; C Walck; A Wang; E Warrick; C Weaver; P Weigel; A Weindl; A. Y Wen; C Wendt; J Werthebach; M Weyrauch; N Whitehorn; C. H Wiebusch; D. R Williams; L Witthaus; M Wolf; G Wrede; X. W Xu; J. P Yañez; Y Yao; E Yildizci; S Yoshida; R Young; F Yu; S Yu; T Yuan; A Zegarelli; S Zhang; Z Zhang; P Zhelnin; P Zilberman; IceCube Collaboration

doi:10.1103/lrjy-3hht

Back

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, S. K Agarwalla, J. A Aguilar, M Ahlers, J. M Alameddine, N. M Amin, K Andeen, C Argüelles, …

Physical review D, Vol.112(8), 082004

10/17/2025

DOI: 10.1103/lrjy-3hht

Files and links (1)

url

https://doi.org/10.1103/lrjy-3hhtView

Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.

Details

Title: Subtitle: Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Creators: R Abbasi
M Ackermann
J Adams
S. K Agarwalla
J. A Aguilar
M Ahlers
J. M Alameddine
N. M Amin
K Andeen
C Argüelles
Y Ashida
S Athanasiadou
S. N Axani
R Babu
X Bai
J Baines-Holmes
A Balagopal V.
S. W Barwick
S Bash
V Basu
R Bay
J. J Beatty
J Becker Tjus
P Behrens
J Beise
C Bellenghi
B Benkel
S BenZvi
D Berley
E Bernardini
D. Z Besson
E Blaufuss
L Bloom
S Blot
I Bodo
F Bontempo
J. Y Book Motzkin
C Boscolo Meneguolo
S Böser
O Botner
J Böttcher
J Braun
B Brinson
Z Brisson-Tsavoussis
R. T Burley
D Butterfield
M. A Campana
K Carloni
J Carpio
S Chattopadhyay
N Chau
Z Chen
D Chirkin
S Choi
B. A Clark
A Coleman
P Coleman
G. H Collin
A Connolly
J. M Conrad
R Corley
D. F Cowen
C De Clercq
J. J DeLaunay
D Delgado
T Delmeulle
S Deng
P Desiati
K. D de Vries
G de Wasseige
T DeYoung
J. C Díaz-Vélez
S DiKerby
M Dittmer
A Domi
L Draper
L Dueser
D Durnford
K Dutta
M. A DuVernois
T Ehrhardt
L Eidenschink
A Eimer
P Eller
E Ellinger
D Elsässer
R Engel
H Erpenbeck
W Esmail
S Eulig
J Evans
P. A Evenson
K. L Fan
K Fang
K Farrag
A. R Fazely
A Fedynitch
N Feigl
C Finley
L Fischer
D Fox
A Franckowiak
S Fukami
P Fürst
J Gallagher
E Ganster
A Garcia
M Garcia
G Garg
E Genton
L Gerhardt
A Ghadimi
C Glaser
T Glüsenkamp
J. G Gonzalez
S Goswami
A Granados
D Grant
S. J Gray
S Griffin
S Griswold
K. M Groth
D Guevel
C Günther
P Gutjahr
C Ha
C Haack
A Hallgren
L Halve
F Halzen
L Hamacher
M Ha Minh
M Handt
K Hanson
J Hardin
A. A Harnisch
P Hatch
A Haungs
J Häußler
K Helbing
J Hellrung
L Hennig
L Heuermann
R Hewett
N Heyer
S Hickford
A Hidvegi
C Hill
G. C Hill
R Hmaid
K. D Hoffman
D Hooper
S Hori
K Hoshina
M Hostert
W Hou
T Huber
K Hultqvist
K Hymon
A Ishihara
W Iwakiri
M Jacquart
S Jain
O Janik
M Jeong
M Jin
N Kamp
D Kang
X Kang
A Kappes
L Kardum
T Karg
M Karl
A Karle
A Katil
M Kauer
J. L Kelley
M Khanal
A Khatee Zathul
A Kheirandish
H Kimku
J Kiryluk
C Klein
S. R Klein
Y Kobayashi
A Kochocki
R Koirala
H Kolanoski
T Kontrimas
L Köpke
C Kopper
D. J Koskinen
P Koundal
M Kowalski
T Kozynets
N Krieger
J Krishnamoorthi
T Krishnan
K Kruiswijk
E Krupczak
A Kumar
E Kun
N Kurahashi
N Lad
C Lagunas Gualda
L Lallement Arnaud
M Lamoureux
M. J Larson
F Lauber
J. P Lazar
K Leonard DeHolton
A Leszczyńska
J Liao
Y. T Liu
M Liubarska
C Love
L Lu
F Lucarelli
W Luszczak
Y Lyu
J Madsen
E Magnus
K. B. M Mahn
Y Makino
E Manao
S Mancina
A Mand
I. C Mariş
S Marka
Z Marka
L Marten
I Martinez-Soler
R Maruyama
F Mayhew
F McNally
J. V Mead
K Meagher
S Mechbal
A Medina
M Meier
Y Merckx
L Merten
J Mitchell
L Molchany
T Montaruli
R. W Moore
Y Morii
A Mosbrugger
M Moulai
D Mousadi
T Mukherjee
R Naab
M Nakos
U Naumann
J Necker
L Neste
M Neumann
H Niederhausen
M. U Nisa
K Noda
A Noell
A Novikov
A Obertacke Pollmann
V O’Dell
A Olivas
R Orsoe
J Osborn
E O’Sullivan
V Palusova
H Pandya
A Parenti
N Park
V Parrish
E. N Paudel
L Paul
C Pérez de los Heros
T Pernice
J Peterson
M Plum
A Pontén
V Poojyam
Y Popovych
M Prado Rodriguez
B Pries
R Procter-Murphy
G. T Przybylski
L Pyras
C Raab
J Rack-Helleis
N Rad
M Ravn
K Rawlins
Z Rechav
A Rehman
I Reistroffer
E Resconi
S Reusch
C. D Rho
W Rhode
B Riedel
A Rifaie
E. J Roberts
S Robertson
M Rongen
A Rosted
C Rott
T Ruhe
L Ruohan
J Saffer
D Salazar-Gallegos
P Sampathkumar
A Sandrock
G Sanger-Johnson
M Santander
S Sarkar
J Savelberg
P Schaile
M Schaufel
H Schieler
S Schindler
L Schlickmann
B Schlüter
F Schlüter
N Schmeisser
T Schmidt
F. G Schröder
L Schumacher
S Schwirn
S Sclafani
D Seckel
L Seen
M Seikh
S Seunarine
P. A Sevle Myhr
R Shah
S Shefali
N Shimizu
B Skrzypek
R Snihur
J Soedingrekso
A Søgaard
D Soldin
P Soldin
G Sommani
C Spannfellner
G. M Spiczak
C Spiering
Juliana Stachurska
M Stamatikos
T Stanev
T Stezelberger
T Stürwald
T Stuttard
G. W Sullivan
I Taboada
S Ter-Antonyan
A Terliuk
A Thakuri
M Thiesmeyer
W. G Thompson
J Thwaites
S Tilav
K Tollefson
S Toscano
D Tosi
A Trettin
A. K Upadhyay
K Upshaw
A Vaidyanathan
N Valtonen-Mattila
J Valverde
J Vandenbroucke
T Van Eeden
N van Eijndhoven
J van Santen
J Vara
F Varsi
M Venugopal
M Vereecken
S Vergara Carrasco
S Verpoest
D Veske
A Vijai
J Villarreal
C Walck
A Wang
E Warrick
C Weaver
P Weigel
A Weindl
A. Y Wen
C Wendt
J Werthebach
M Weyrauch
N Whitehorn
C. H Wiebusch
D. R Williams
L Witthaus
M Wolf
G Wrede
X. W Xu
J. P Yañez
Y Yao
E Yildizci
S Yoshida
R Young
F Yu
S Yu
T Yuan
A Zegarelli
S Zhang
Z Zhang
P Zhelnin
P Zilberman
IceCube Collaboration
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Physical review D, Vol.112(8), 082004
DOI: 10.1103/lrjy-3hht
ISSN: 2470-0029
eISSN: 2470-0029
Publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
Grant note: USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research FoCenter for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-MadisonAdvanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS)NVIDIA CorporationGoogle Cloud PlatformFWO Odysseus and Big Science programsBelgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo)Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz AssociationSweden-Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Polar Research SecretariatKnut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationEuropean Union-EGI Advanced Computing for researchAustralia-Australian Research CouncilWestGridDenmark-Villum FondenCarlsberg FoundationEuropean CommissionNew Zealand-Marsden FundChung-Ang University Research GrantSwitzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
The IceCube collaboration acknowledges the significant contributions to this manuscript from Stef Verpoest. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the following agencies and institutions: USA-U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, U.S. National Science Foundation-EPSCoR, U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Partnership to Advance Throughput Computing (PATh), Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS), Frontera and Ranch computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, U.S. Department of Energy-National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, Astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University, NVIDIA Corporation, and Google Cloud Platform; Belgium-Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programs, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen; Sweden-Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union-EGI Advanced Computing for research; Australia-Australian Research Council; Canada-Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Quebec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Digital Research Alliance of Canada; Denmark-Villum Fonden, Carlsberg Foundation, and European Commission; New Zealand-Marsden Fund; Japan-Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University; Korea-National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Chung-Ang University Research Grant; Switzerland-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).
Language: English
Date published: 10/17/2025
Academic Unit: Physics and Astronomy
Record Identifier: 9985144737702771

Metrics

1 Record Views