Measuring the shock-heating rate in the winds of O stars using X-ray line spectra

David H Cohen; Zequn Li; Kenneth G Gayley; Stanley P Owocki; Jon O Sundqvist; Véronique Petit; Maurice A Leutenegger

doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1661

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Measuring the shock-heating rate in the winds of O stars using X-ray line spectra

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Measuring the shock-heating rate in the winds of O stars using X-ray line spectra

David H Cohen, Zequn Li, Kenneth G Gayley, Stanley P Owocki, Jon O Sundqvist, Véronique Petit and Maurice A Leutenegger

Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol.444(4), pp.3729-3737

03/19/2014

DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu1661

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Abstract

We present a new method for using measured X-ray emission line fluxes from O stars to determine the shock-heating rate due to instabilities in their radiation-driven winds. The high densities of these winds means that their embedded shocks quickly cool by local radiative emission, while cooling by expansion should be negligible. Ignoring for simplicity any non-radiative mixing or conductive cooling, the method presented here exploits the idea that the cooling post-shock plasma systematically passes through the temperature characteristic of distinct emission lines in the X-ray spectrum. In this way, the observed flux distribution among these X-ray lines can be used to construct the cumulative probability distribution of shock strengths that a typical wind parcel encounters as it advects through the wind. We apply this new method to Chandra grating spectra from five O stars with X-ray emission indicative of embedded wind shocks in effectively single massive stars. The results for all the stars are quite similar: the average wind mass element passes through roughly one shock that heats it to at least 106 K as it advects through the wind, and the cumulative distribution of shock strengths is a strongly decreasing function of temperature, consistent with a negative power law of index n ≈ 3, implying a marginal distribution of shock strengths that scales as T −4, and with hints of an even steeper decline or cut-off above 107 K.

Hydrodynamics

stars: massive

X-rays: stars

stars: winds, outflows

line: profiles

shock waves

Details

Title: Subtitle: Measuring the shock-heating rate in the winds of O stars using X-ray line spectra
Creators: David H Cohen - Swarthmore College
Zequn Li - Swarthmore College
Kenneth G Gayley - University of Iowa
Stanley P Owocki - University of Delaware
Jon O Sundqvist - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Véronique Petit - University of Delaware
Maurice A Leutenegger - University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol.444(4), pp.3729-3737
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu1661
ISSN: 0035-8711
eISSN: 1365-2966
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Language: English
Date published: 03/19/2014
Academic Unit: Physics and Astronomy
Record Identifier: 9984199942702771

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