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Methods for analyzing acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in human skin
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Methods for analyzing acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in human skin

Virginia G Content, Alexandria R McKenna, Auni C Williams, Jody L Greaney, Anna E Stanhewicz and Lacy M Alexander
Journal of applied physiology (1985)
08/24/2026
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00379.2026
PMID: 42636158
url
https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00379.2026View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Intradermal microdialysis, combined with laser‑Doppler flowmetry and local heating, is commonly used to investigate mechanisms of endothelial function and dysfunction in the cutaneous microcirculation. Local perfusion of acetylcholine (ACh), with and without ‑nitro‑L‑arginine methyl ester [L‑NAME; a non‑selective nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor], allows for direct assessment of pharmacologically induced endothelium- and NO‑dependent vasodilation. However, variability in the analysis and reporting of cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) responses to cholinergic stimulation limits reproducibility. The purpose of this investigation was to compare analytical approaches used to quantify cutaneous vasodilation by retrospectively analyzing ACh dose‑response data and NO‑dependent vasodilation using five methods. Curve‑modeling approaches included nonlinear regression with: (1) no constraints, (2) Hill slope constraint, and (3) top and bottom constraints. Point‑by‑point analysis and area under the dose-response curve (AUC) were also evaluated following graded ACh perfusion with and without L‑NAME co‑perfusion. Nonlinear regression without constraints exhibited the highest rate of data exclusion due to poor model fit. Although all analysis methods detected the expected differences in CVC responses between ACh with and without L‑NAME, each approach had distinct limitations. Nonlinear regression provides detailed pharmacodynamic parameters, including maximal and minimal vasodilator responses, logEC , and Hill slope, whereas point‑by‑point analysis and AUC offer straightforward quantitative assessments of NO‑dependent vasodilation. Based on this retrospective analysis, we recommend the unconstrained model (methods 1A/1B) for characterizing the ACh dose-response relation, as the curves best reflect the visualized data. Point-by-point analysis, AUC, and L-NAME-sensitive component calculations may be more appropriate for quantifying NO-dependent vasodilation.
 endothelial function dose-response intradermal microdialysis skin blood flow graded perfusion

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