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Multi‐Platform Observations of the Radial Penetration of Substorm Injected Electrons and Subsequent Slot‐Filling Event
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Multi‐Platform Observations of the Radial Penetration of Substorm Injected Electrons and Subsequent Slot‐Filling Event

Geoffrey D. Reeves, Jean‐Francois Ripoll, Lauren W. Blum, Christopher M. Cully, Christopher A. Colpitts, Mélanie Cosmides, Sadie S. Elliot, Reihaneh Ghaffari, Ashley D. Greeley, Richard B. Horne, …
Journal of geophysical research. Space physics, Vol.130(11), e2025JA034329
11/2025
DOI: 10.1029/2025JA034329
url
https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034329View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

On 15 February 2018 a co‐rotating interaction region (CIR) from an equatorial coronal hole reached the Earth. The CIR initiated a moderate and slowly intensifying geomagnetic storm, which began with a large and strong substorm injection. The substorm injection was exceptionally well‐observed by an array of spacecraft including LANL‐GEO satellites, Van Allen Probes (RBSP), Arase (ERG), and MetOp/POES, as well as ground‐based instruments. These observations enable the unambiguous identification of several important features that have been impossible to measure directly in other events. The substorm injection extended well inside the geosynchronous orbit. A fortuitous conjunction of RBSP‐A (moving inbound) and Arase (simultaneously moving outbound at the same magnetic local time) allows us to establish, very precisely, the location of the inner edge of the injection region at L  = 3.8−3.9. In supporting observations, North American riometers saw precipitation extending down to L  ≈ 4 but not lower. Arase and RBSP‐A also observed whistler‐mode hiss waves inside the plasmasphere. Analysis of the resonance conditions shows, conclusively, and for the first time, that they were produced by the drifting injected electrons. RBSP‐A observations also show the injection (or transport) of electrons into or through the slot region within hours of the substorm injection onset. Previous studies were not able to clearly connect or separate substorm injections and slot‐filling processes. These new observations clearly identify slot‐filling as a spatially and temporally separate process that is not a direct result of substorm injection. Multiple satellites and ground observations enabled the first definitive identification of the inner radial boundary of a substorm injection The first coincident observation of a localized electron injection and corresponding hiss wave generation Identification of the substorm injection and slot‐filling as two spatially and temporally distinct events
substorm injections slot-filling events multi-satellite storm-substorm relationship injection boundary injection propagation

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