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Neuropsychological, Behavioral, and Academic Sequelae of Cleft: Early Developmental, School Age, and Adolescent/Young Adult Outcomes
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Neuropsychological, Behavioral, and Academic Sequelae of Cleft: Early Developmental, School Age, and Adolescent/Young Adult Outcomes

Lynn C Richman, Thomasin E McCoy, Amy L Conrad and Peg C Nopoulos
The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal, Vol.49(4), pp.387-396
07/2012
DOI: 10.1597/10-237
PMCID: PMC3408555
PMID: 21905907
url
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3408555View
Open Access

Abstract

This article reviews behavioral, neuropsychological, and academic outcomes of individuals with cleft across three age levels: 1) infancy/early development, 2) school age, and 3) adolescence/young adulthood. The review points out that attachment, neurocognitive functioning, academic performance/learning, and adjustment outcomes are the result of a complex interaction between biological and environmental factors and vary with developmental level, sex, and craniofacial anomaly diagnosis. The degree to which associated genetic or neurodevelopmental conditions may explain inconsistent findings is unknown and suggests the need for caution in generalizing from group data on cleft.
learning adjustment cleft lip and palate behavior neuropsychological craniofacial

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