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Noninvasive Glucose Measurements in Tissue Simulating Phantoms Using a Solid-State Near-Infrared Sensor
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Noninvasive Glucose Measurements in Tissue Simulating Phantoms Using a Solid-State Near-Infrared Sensor

Ariel B. Kauffman, Ruben Shakya, Shuai Yu and Mark A. Arnold
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), Vol.25(7), 2238
04/02/2025
DOI: 10.3390/s25072238
PMCID: PMC11991617
PMID: 40218749
url
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072238View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Benchmark data are reported for a solid-state laser-based near-infrared spectrometer designed for noninvasive measurements in human skin. These data were obtained using a set of aqueous phantoms composed of polystyrene beads, triton X-100, saline, and glucose. The performance of this prototype solid-state laser platform was compared to parallel results obtained with a Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer. The fundamental spectroscopic performances of the two spectrometer systems were quantified by an analysis of 100% lines determined by ratioing back-to-back spectra collected over time for each phantom. Root mean square (RMS) noise levels were computed for each dataset and the median RMS noise levels were 327.8 µAU and 667.2 µAU for the FT spectrometer and prototype laser platform, respectively. The analytical utility of the solid-state laser platform was assessed through a series of leave-one-phantom-out partial least squares analyses. Results for the laser prototype data included a standard error of cross validation (SECV) of 7.82 mg/dL for an optimized PLS model with 10 factors over a spectral range of 1401–2238 nm. This compares favorably with the results from the FT spectrometer of an SECV of 6.62 mg/dL with 8 factors and a spectral range of 1551–2378 nm. The additional two PLS factors for the laser prototype were shown to be a consequence of its higher spectral noise. Selectivity of these PLS models was demonstrated by comparing models associated with correct and random glucose assignments to each spectrum. Overall, these findings benchmark the analytical utility of this solid-state laser prototype.
 noninvasive glucose monitor noninvasive glucose sensing near-infrared spectroscopy solid-state laser spectroscopy photonic integrated chips skin glucose phantoms RMS spectral noise benchmarking

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