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Opposing Effects of Membrane-Anchored CX3CL1 on Amyloid and Tau Pathologies via the p38 MAPK Pathway
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Opposing Effects of Membrane-Anchored CX3CL1 on Amyloid and Tau Pathologies via the p38 MAPK Pathway

Sungho Lee, Guixiang Xu, Taylor R. Jay, Sabina Bhatta, Ki-Wook Kim, Steffen Jung, Gary E. Landreth, Richard M. Ransohoff and Bruce T. Lamb
The Journal of neuroscience, Vol.34(37), pp.12538-12546
09/10/2014
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0853-14.2014
PMCID: PMC4160782
PMID: 25209291
url
https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0853-14.2014View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Several Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk genes are specifically expressed by microglia within the CNS. However, the mechanisms by which microglia regulate the pathological hallmarks of AD—extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) and intraneuronal hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)—remain to be established. Notably, deficiency for the microglial CX3CR1 receptor has opposing effects on Aβ and MAPT pathologies. CX3CL1, the neuronally derived cognate ligand for CX3CR1, signals both in membrane-anchored and soluble forms. In this study, we sought to determine the relative contribution on membrane-anchored versus soluble CX3CL1 in regulating the microglia-mediated amelioration of Aβ pathology, as well as provide insight into the potential downstream microglial-based mechanisms. As expected, CX3CL1 deficiency reduced Aβ deposition in APPPS1 animals in a similar manner to CX3CR1 deficiency. Surprisingly, however, CX3CL1-deficient APPPS1 animals exhibited enhanced neuronal MAPT phosphorylation despite reduced amyloid burden. Importantly, neither of these phenotypes was altered by transgenic expression of the soluble CX3CL1 isoform, suggesting that it is the membrane-anchored version of CX3CL1 that regulates microglial phagocytosis of Aβ and neuronal MAPT phosphorylation. Analysis of transcript levels in purified microglia isolated from APPPS1 mice with the various CX3CL1/CX3CR1 genotypes revealed increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and phagocytic markers, which was associated with activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Aβ internalization within microglia. Together, these studies challenge the “frustrated phagocytosis” concept and suggest that neuronal–microglial communication link the two central AD pathologies.

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