Journal article
Oxygen effects on senescence in chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells: consequences for tissue engineering
The Iowa orthopaedic journal, Vol.24, pp.15-20
2004
PMCID: PMC1888421
PMID: 15296200
Appears in Diamond Open Access
Abstract
Primary isolates of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells are often insufficient for cell-based autologous grafting procedures, necessitating in vitro expansion of cell populations. However, the potential for expansion is limited by cellular senescence, a form of irreversible cell cycle arrest regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic mechanisms common to most somatic cells enforce senescence at the so-called "Hayflick limit" of 60 population doublings. Termed "replicative senescence", this mechanism prevents cellular immortalization and suppresses oncogenesis. Although it is possible to overcome the Hayflick limit by genetically modifying cells, such manipulations are regarded as prohibitively dangerous in the context of tissue engineering. On the other hand, senescence associated with extrinsic factors, often called "stress-induced" senescence, can be avoided simply by modifying culture conditions. Because stress-induced senescence is "premature" in the sense that it can halt growth well before the Hayflick limit is reached, growth potential can be significantly enhanced by minimizing culture related stress. Standard culture techniques were originally developed to optimize the growth of fibroblasts but these conditions are inherently stressful to many other cell types. In particular, the 21% oxygen levels used in standard incubators, though well tolerated by fibroblasts, appear to induce oxidative stress in other cells. We reasoned that chondrocytes and MSCs, which are adapted to relatively low oxygen levels in vivo, might be sensitive to this form of stress. To test this hypothesis we compared the growth of MSC and chondrocyte strains in 21% and 5% oxygen. We found that incubation in 21% oxygen significantly attenuated growth and was associated with increased oxidant production. These findings indicated that sub-optimal standard culture conditions sharply limited the expansion of MSC and chondrocyte populations and suggest that cultures for grafting purposes should be maintained in a low-oxygen environment.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Oxygen effects on senescence in chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells: consequences for tissue engineering
- Creators
- Farid Moussavi-Harami - Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The University of Iowa, IA, USAYazan DuwayriJames A MartinFarshid Moussavi-HaramiJoseph A Buckwalter
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- The Iowa orthopaedic journal, Vol.24, pp.15-20
- PMID
- 15296200
- PMCID
- PMC1888421
- NLM abbreviation
- Iowa Orthop J
- ISSN
- 1541-5457
- eISSN
- 1555-1377
- Publisher
- Dept. of Orthopaedics, The University of Iowa; United States
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 2004
- Academic Unit
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stead Family Department of Pediatrics; Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics; Orthopedics and Rehabilitation; Injury Prevention Research Center
- Record Identifier
- 9984040536202771
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