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Pathologic conditions of the lower cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Pathologic conditions of the lower cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII

Bruno A Policeni and Wendy R K Smoker
Neuroimaging clinics of North America, Vol.18(2), pp.347-368
05/2008
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2007.12.012
PMID: 18466836

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Abstract

The glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal cranial nerves can be affected by an acute or chronic process that has an impact on the way the patient presents clinically. Knowledge of nerve pathways and relations to surrounding structures is fundamental when evaluating patients who have lower cranial nerve symptoms. A systematic "segment-based" approach helps to narrow the differential diagnosis Pathologic conditions that cause lower cranial nerve symptoms are presented.
Radiography Cranial Nerve Diseases - diagnostic imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cranial Nerve Diseases - etiology Humans Cranial Nerve Diseases - pathology

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