Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries

We acknowledge the participants in each cohort contributing to this study. Additional acknowledgements are provided in the Supplementary Note. Support for title page creation and format was provided by AuthorArranger (https://authorarranger.nci.nih.gov/), a tool developed at the National Cancer Institute. This research was supported by the following funding bodies, which had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, preparation of the manuscript or decision to publish. US National Institutes of Health (NIH): 01HG006934-01 (G.R.A.), 1 U19 CA148537-01, 1K08 HG010155 (A.V.K.), 1RC2 MH089951, 1RC2 MH089951-01, 1RC2 MH089995, 1U01 HG011717 (S.F.), 1U01 HG011719 (A.V.K.), 1U01 HL172180 (S.F.), 1U19 CA148065, 1U19 CA148112, 1U19 CA148537, 5-P60-AR30701, 5-P60-AR49465, 5UM1 CA182883, 75N92020D00001, 75N92020D00002, 75N92020D00003, 75N92020D00004, 75N92020D00005, 75N92020D00006, 75N92020D00007, 75N92021D00001, 75N92021D00002, 75N92021D00003, 75N92021D00004, 75N92021D00005, 75N92021D00006, AA-00145, AA-09203, AA-12502, AA009367, AA014041, AA07535, AA10248, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA15416, AG000513, CA047988 (J.E.Bu.), CA054281, CA063464, CA098758, CA141298, CA164973, DA005147, DA036216, DA037904, DA044283, DA12854, DK056350, DK063491, DK078150, DK125187 (Y.V.S.), DK56990, DK56992, DK57002, DK57008, DK57078, DK57131, DK57135, DK57136, DK57149, DK57151, DK57154, DK57171, DK57177, DK57178, DK57182, DK57219, ES010126, EY014684, EY014684-03S1, EY014684-04S1, Fogarty grant D43 TW009077, HG011052 (X. Zhu), HHSC268200782096C, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200782096C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268200960009C, HHSN268201200008I, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201300001I/N01-HC-65233, HHSN268201300002I/N01-HC-65235, HHSN268201300003I/N01-HC-65236, HHSN268201300004I/N01-HC-65234, HHSN268201300005I/N01-HC-65237, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201500003I, HHSN268201700001I, HHSN268201700002I, HHSN268201700003I, HHSN268201700004I, HHSN268201700005I, HHSN268201800001C, HHSN268201800003I, HHSN268201800004I, HHSN268201800005I, HHSN268201800006I, HHSN268201800007I, HHSN268201800010I, HHSN268201800011I, HHSN268201800012I, HHSN268201800013I, HHSN268201800014I, HHSN268201800015I, HHSN271201100005C, HHSN271201200022C, HL043851 (J.E.Bu.), HL046389 (Su.R.), HL080467 (J.E.Bu.), HL085144, HL113338 (Su.R.), HL129982 (H.M.H.), HL154996, HL54471, HL54472, HL54473, HL54495, HL54496, HL54509, HL54515, intramural project number 1Z01-HG000024 (F.S.C.), K01 HL135405 (B.E.C.), K02 AA018755, K05 CA175147, K99/R00 HL130580 (A.E.J.), KL2 RR024990, KL2 TR002490 (L.M.R.), N.1-AG-1-1, N.1-AG-1-2111, N01-AG-1-2100, N01-AG-1-2109, N01-AG-6-2101, N01-AG-6-2103, N01-AG-6-2106, N01-HC-25195, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169, N01-HD-1-3228, N01-HD-1-3329, N01-HD-1-3330, N01-HD-1-3331, N01-HD-1-3332, N01-HD-1-3333, N01-HG-65403, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N02-HL-64278, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (E.M.S.), NR013520 (Y.V.S.), P01 CA055075, P01 CA87969, P30 AG10161, P30 AG72975, P30 DK072488, P30-CA015704, P30AR072580, P50 GM115305, R01 24799, R01 AG023629, R01 AG028050, R01 AG034454, R01 AG056477 (M.Ki.), R01 AG065357, R01 AG17917, R01 AG30146, R01 CA056678, R01 CA080122, R01 CA082664, R01 CA092579, R01 CA128813 (J.Y. P), R01 CA128978, R01 CA144034, R01 CA148677, R01 CA15847, R01 CA49449, R01 CA55069, R01 CA64277, R01 CA67262, R01 CA80205, R01 D0042157-01A, R01 D0042157-01A1, R01 DA042755, R01 DK053591, R01 DK062370 (M.B.), R01 DK066358, R01 DK072193 (CHNS, E.P.W., K.L.M.), R01 DK075787 (J.N.H., R.J.F.L., DGI), R01 DK087914, R01 DK089256 (C.-T.L., X.D., FamHS), R01 DK092127-04, R01 DK101855, R01 DK104371, R01 DK107786 (R.J.F.L.), R01 DK110113 (R.J.F.L.), R01 DK118011 (C.N.S.), R01 DK118427, R01 DK122503 (A.E.J., C.-T.L., G.C., K.E.N. and Q.M.), R01 DK124097 (R.J.F.L.), R01 DK135938 (A.E.J. and Y.L.), R01 DK136671 (C.N.S.), R01 DK139598 (K.E.N.), R01 EY022310, R01 HD056465 (S.F.A.G., CHOP), R01 HD074711, R01 HD100406, R01 HD30880, R01 HD58886, R01 HG003054, R01 HG010297 (R.J.F.L. and V.L.B.), R01 HG011035, R01 HL046380, R01 HL053353, R01 HL074166, R01 HL085251, R01 HL086694, R01 HL086718, R01 HL087641, R01 HL087652, R01 HL087660, R01 HL091357, R01 HL09135701, R01 HL092577 (P.T.E.), R01 HL095056, R01 HL103612, R01 HL104135, R01 HL105756, R01 HL108427, R01 HL111249, R01 HL111249-04S1, R01 HL113338, R01 HL117078, R01 HL119443, R01 HL120393, R01 HL139731 (S.A.Lu.), R01 HL142302 (K.E.N. and R.J.F.L.), R01 HL151152 (K.E.N., R.J.F.L. and V.L.B.), R01 HL156991 (K.E.N.), R01 HL157635 (P.T.E. and S.A.Lu.), R01 HL158884 (Y.L.), R01 HL160689 (R.W.M.), R01 HL163262 (K.E.N.), R01 HL163262-01A1 (M.Gr.), R01 HL172803, R01 HL177209 (P.T.E.), R01 HL77398, R01 MH081802, R01 MH58799-03, R01 NR012459, R01 NS032830, R01 NS100178 (J.W.C.), R01 NS105150 (J.W.C.), R01 NS114045 (J.W.C.), R01 NS45012, R03 HL154284 (B.E.C.), R21 DK105913, R35 CA53890, R35 HL135818 (Su.R., CFS), R35 HL135824 (C.J.W.), R37 HL045508, R56 HL150186 (Y.L.), RC2 AG036495, RC2 GM092618, RC4 AG039029, RF1 AG15819, RR020649, S10OD017985, S10OD026880, S10OD030463, S10RR025141, T32 HL007055 (H.M.H.), T32 HL129982 (L.M.R.), TW005596, U01 167552, U01 AG009740, U01 AG023746, U01 CA176726, U01 CA188392, U01 DK062418, U01 DK105535, U01 DK105556, U01 HG004402, U01 HG004423, U01 HG004436, U01 HG004438, U01 HG004446, U01 HG004798, U01 HG006378, U01 HG007416 (K.E.N.), U01 HG011723 (R.J.F.L.), U01 HL054457, U01 HL054464, U01 HL054481, U01 HL054512, U01 HL080295, U01 HL130114, U01 HL54498, U01 HL54527, U01 NS069208-01, U01AG46152, U01AG61256, U01HG006379, U01HG008657, U01HG008664, U01HG008666, U01HG008672, U01HG008673, U01HG008676, U01HG008679, U01HG008680, U01HG008684, U01HG008685, U01HG008701, U10 CA37429, U19 AG063893, U19 CA148065, U19 CA148537, U19 HL065962, U24 MH068457-06, U54MD007593, UL1 RR024975, UL1 TR000077, UL1 TR000445, UL1 TR001878, UL1 TR001881, UL1 TR002243, UL1 TR004419, UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-001420, UL1RR025005, UL1TR001881, UM1 CA182876, UM1 CA182910, UM1 CA182913 (J.E.Bu.), UM1 CA186107, UM1 DK126194 (S.F.A.G.), X01 HG007492, Z01 CP010119, ZIA CP010152-20. The European Union: EMBO 3573 (Kr.L.), ERDF European Regional Development Fund 539/2010 A31592, European Regional Development Fund (Kr.L.), 018996, EUROSPAN (LSHG-CT-2006-018947), 223004, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission (QLG2-CT-2002-01254), EUROHEADPAIN (602633), HEALTH-F4-2007-9602768, HEALTH-F2-2009-223175, EpiMigrant, 279143, RiskyCAD (305739), HEALTH-F2-2013-601456 (CVGenes@Target), research and innovation programme (G.E.D.), EU H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 786833 (J.R.), EU H2020 research and innovation programme (634935 and 633784), EU H2020 TO_AITION 848146 (S.W.v.d.L.), EU H2020 (iHealth-T2D, 643774), EU H2020 (755320 for TAXINOMISIS and 848146 for To Aition), EU H2020 contract no. 733100 (P.C.), 2014-2020.4.01.16-0125 (A.M), EU HORIZON NextGen 101136962 (S.W.v.d.L.), EU HORIZON MIRACLE 101115381 (S.W.v.d.L.), LSHM-CT-2007-037273, the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115317 (DIRECT), the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking 115974, the ERA-Net Cofund action no. 727565, MAESTRIA 965286 (P.T.E and, P.Ki.), the European Social Fund (M.S.-L.), SOC 95201408 05F02, the European Community (SOC 98200769 05F02), QLG1-CT-2001-01252, the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006), EU pBETTER4U_EU 101080117, LSHM-CT-2006-037593, EXGENESIS, European Commission 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947), EHRA-PATHS (945260). The UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Centers: RP-PG-0407-10371, the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the Institute of Cancer Research, the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, the NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, the NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20010) (C.P.N., P.S.B. and N.J.S.), the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (K.M. and A.L.), the NIHR Official Development Assistance (ODA, 16/136/68), the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the NIHR to the Biomedical Research Centre at the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Foundation NHS Trust, the NIHR-funded BioResource, Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London (TwinsUK and M.M.), the UK National Institute for Health Research Academic Clinical Fellowship (S.J.H.), University of Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-2001) (N.J.T.). Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO): NWO 175.010.2003.005, NWO 480-05-003, NWO 481-08-013, NWO 481-11-001, NWO Gravitation 024.001.003, NWO Vi.C.191.021, NWO Vici 016.130.002, 453-16-007/2735, NWO/SPI 480-15-001/674, NWO/SPI 56-464-14192, 10-000-1002, 911-03-012, 175.010.2005.011, NWO Division for the Social Sciences (MaGW) VIDI 016-065-318 (D.P.), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/NWO Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) 050-060-810, NGI/NWO - the Consortium for Systems Biology (NCSB), the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) 6130.0031, NWO/ZonMw Rubicon grant 452182321 (R.A.J.S.), ZonMW 100-001-004, ZonMW 261-98-710, ZonMW 60-60600-97-118, ZonMW 636340002, ZonMW 916.19.151 (H.H.H.A.), ZonMw 95103007, the Dutch Research Council (Vidi Innovational Research Award 016.096.309), Medical Research Council program GB-MW 940-38-011. UK Medical Research Council (MRC): G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, G1001799, G9521010D, K013351, MC_PC_13046, MC_PC_13049, MC_U137686851, MC_UU_00007/10 (V.V. and A.F.W.), MC_UU_00017/1, MC_UU_12015/1, MC_UU_12026/2, MC-PC-14135, MR/M016560/1, MR/N013166/1 (K.A.K.), MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit MC_UU_00011/1 (N.J.T. and R.E.Mi.), National Health and Medical Research Council Leadership Investigator GNT 2025349 (E.Hy.), R024227 (M.Ki.), the Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Programme in Precision Medicine (MR/N013166/1) (P.R.H.J.T. ), the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement (GPC-UGR), the UKRI Medical Research Council MC_UU_00019/1, the UKRI Medical Research Council MR/Y014022/1 (A.W., N.C.), U.MC_UU_00007/10, Y014154 (M.Ki.). Wellcome Trust: 068545/Z/02, 072960/Z/03/Z, 076113, 076113/B/04/Z, 084723/Z/08/Z, 084726/Z/08/Z, 084727/Z/08/Z, 085475/B/08/Z, 085475/Z/08/Z, 088158/Z/09/Z, 090532, 090532/Z/09/Z, 098051, 098381, 104036/Z/14/Z, 104085/Z/14/Z, 106130, 201543/B/16/Z, 202922/Z/16/Z, 203141, 203141/Z/16/Z, 212259, 212904/Z/18/Z, 212946/Z/18/Z, 216767/Z/19/Z, 217065/Z/19/Z (N.J.T.), 220740/Z/20/Z (S.F.), 221854/Z/20/Z (M.Ki.), Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204813) (K.H.W.), the NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Wellcome Trust Investigator 202802/Z/16/Z (N.J.T.), Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (079895), WT095219MA, WT098051. The Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF): 12955 (B.F.), NNF NNF20OC0062294 (Tu.K.), NNF15OC0015896, NNF18CC0034900 (M.R.C., N.G., R.J.F.L. and T.O.K.), NNF22OC0074128 (T.O.K.), NNF20OC0059313 (R.J.F.L.), NNF23SA0084103 (M.R.C., N.G., R.J.F.L. and T.O.K.), grant NNF20SA0067242 from the Danish Cardiovascular Academy, which is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (M.G.-M.), the Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, NNF17SA0031406 (M.R.C.), the TriPartite Immunometabolism Consortium (TrIC)-NNF NNF15CC0018486. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC): NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship GNT1103329 (A.W.H.), NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship GNT1154518 (D.A.M.), NHMRC Investigator Grant APP1172917 (S.E.M.), NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (J.B), 209057, 211069, 241944, 302010, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389938, 390130, 396414, 403981, 442915, 442981, 457349, 496688, 496739, 512423, 552485, 571013, 572613, 613601, 613672, 614296, 974159, 1009458, 1011506, 1021858, 1027449, 1044840, 1059711, 1074383, 1113400 (P.M.Vis.), 1186500 (D.F). Academy of Finland: 100499 (J.K.), 117797, 118555 (J.K.), 124243, 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378, 141054 (J.K.), 141071, 205585 (J.K.), 206374, 251360, 264146 (J.K.), 276861, 285547, 308248 (J.K.), 312073 (J.K.), 322098, 336823 (J.K.), 350426 (M.Ki.), 352792 (J.K.), 356405, 286284, 134309, 77299, Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (312062) (Sa.R.). Cancer Research UK (CRUK): C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C1287/A16563, C16077/A29186, C16913/A6135, C490/A10124, C500/A16896, C5047/A10692, C5047/A1232, C5047/A15007, C5047/A3354, C5047/A7357, C5047/A8384, C8197/A16565, C18281/A29019 (N.J.T.), RCCPDF\100007 (K.H.W.). The Swedish Research Council: 2016-06830 (G.H.), 2017-00641, 202102273 (J.G.S.), grant for the Swedish Infrastructure for Medical Population-based Life-course Environmental Research -SIMPLER, Linnaeus grant Dnr 349-2006-237, Strategic Research Area Exodiab Dnr 2009-1039, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (2022-0344 and 2023-03332) (J.G.S.). The Netherlands Heart Foundation: NHS2010B233, NHS2010B280, 2001 D 032 (J.W.J.), Dutch Heart Foundation (DHF) (P.Ki. and M.R.), RACE V (CVON 2014-9), RED-CVD (CVON2017-11), from Top Sector Life Sciences & Health to the Dutch Heart Foundation (PPP Allowance; CVON-AI (2018B017)), Dutch Heart Foundation and ZonMW 01-002-2022-0118 EmbRACE. The European Research Council (ERC): ERC-2011-StG 280559-SEPI, ERC-STG-2015-679242 (J.G.S.), ERC-230374, ERC-2017-STG-757364, ERC-CoG-2015-681466, ERC Grant 310644 MACULA, CoG2015_681742_NASCENT, ERC 742927. The British Heart Foundation (BHF): 32334, AA/18/2/34218 (P.Ki.), CH/1996001/9454, FS/14/66/3129 (O.G.), RG/14/5/30893 (Pa.D.), RG/17/1/32663, SP/04/002, SP/16/4/32697 (C.P.N), the British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence (H.W.). German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)): 209933838 -SFB 1052; B03, C01; SPP 1629 TO 718/2-1, 387509280 -SFB 1350 (I.M.H.), 431984000 -SFB 1453 (M.Wu.), BR 6028/2-1 (Ca.B), DFG BO 3815/4-1 (I.M.H., C.A.B.), HE 3690/7-1 (I.M.H), Ki 509167694 (P.Ki.). German Research Council (DFG): EI 969/2-3, ER 155/6-1;6-2, HO 3314/2-1;2-2;2-3;4-3, INST 58219/32-1, JO 170/8-1, KN 885/3-1, PE 2309/2-1, SI 236/8-1;9-1;10-1. The American Heart Association (AHA): 15GRNT25880008, 15POST24470131 (C.N.S.), 17IBDG33700328 (J.W.C.), 15GPSPG23770000 (J.W.C.), 17POST33650016 (C.N.S.), 18SFRN34250007 (S.A.Lu.), 961045 (P.T.E.). The American Diabetes Association (ADA): Jr Faculty Development 11-22-JDFPM-06 (C.N.S.), 11-23-PDF-35 (A.H.-C.). German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012, BMBF 01EA1801A, BMBF 01ER0804 (K.-U.E.), BMBF 01ER1206, BMBF 01ER1507 (I.M.H.). German Ministry of Education and Science: 01EG0401, 01ER1001D, 01GI0205, 01GI0856, 01GI0860, 01GS0820_WB2-C, the Federal Ministry of Science, Germany (01 EA 9401). Australian Research Council (ARC): DP0770096, DP1093502, FL180100072 (P.M.Vis.), FT220100069 (Lo.Y.). The US Department of Veterans Affairs: Baltimore Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Merit Grant BX004821, BX003340, BX003362 and BX005831, I01-BX004821 (MVP 001, P.W.F.W. and Kelly Cho). Additional funding came from the following sources. 'Indremedisinsk Forskningsfond' at Baerum Hospital; 23andMe; a Royal Society URF (J.F.W.); Abbott; Accare Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; ADAS software (S.N.); AFNET; Agence Nationale de securite sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES); AICR Netherlands A10-0227; Amgen (P.M.R. and D.I.C.); Amsterdam Public Health (APH); Arthritis Research UK; Astellas Pharma, Inc.; AstraZeneca; Avera Institute for Human Genetics; Bayer Pharma AG; Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Beijing Municipal of Health Reform and Development Project no. 2019-4 (Beijing Eye Study); Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL), CP 32; Biosense Webster (S.N.); Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Bristol Myers Squibb; Budgetary funds from the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) of Finland; Business Finland through the Personalized Diagnostics and Care program coordinated by SalWe Ltd. (3986/31/2013); California Cancer Research Fund 99-00527V-10182; Cancer Australia; Cancer Australia PdCCRS (J.B); Cancer Centre at Barts and QMUL (H.R.W.); Cancer Council Queensland (J.B); Cancer Council Tasmania; Cancer Councils of Victoria and South Australia; Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates (CZD/16/6); Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (X51001); Concerted Research Action of the KU Leuven (GOA/15/017) (F.C. and S.J.); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, grant no. BSC0122; Curtin University; D70-RESRICGIROTTO (G.G.); Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.; Danish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Health; Dell Loy Hansen Heart Foundation (M.J.Cu. ); Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (C.S.Y.); Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through PURSE II CDST/SR/PURSE PHASE II/11 provided to Jawaharlal Nehru University; Departments, Division and the Board of Directors of the Leiden University Medical Centre; Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project KB-15-004-003); Edith Cowan University; EFPIA companies; EHRA; Erasmus MC, Rotterdam; Estonian Research Council PUT 1371 (Kr.L.), PUT PRG1291 (T.E); Finska Lakaresallskapet (E.W.); Fondation ARC; Fondation de France; Fondazione di Sardegna (U1301.2015/AI.1157. BE Prat. 2015-1651); Fondo Sectorial de Investigacion en Salud y Seguridad Social (SSA/IMSS/ISSSTE CONACYT, project 150352) in Mexico; Foundation for the National Institutes of Health through the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (no. HART17AMP) and the Parelsnoer Initiative (PSI); Foundation Leducq: 'PlaqOmics' and 'AtheroGen', 24CVD01 (P.T.E.); Funding Program for Next-Generation World-Leading Researchers (NEXT Program, no. LS056).; FWO Vlaanderen (G.0684.12N and G.0830.13N) (F.C. and S.J.); Generalitat de Catalunya; Genome Quebec and Genome Canada (G.L.); German Cancer Aid (70-2488-Ha I, ULM); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK): FKZ 81x2800182 (P.Ki.), FKZ 81Z0710116 (P.Ki.), FKZ 81Z0710110 (P.Ki.); GlaxoSmithKline; governmental funding of clinical research within the Swedish National Health Service (J.G.S.); Greek Secretariat for Research and Technology (Cooperation 890/2009); Health Care Centers in Vasa, Narpes and Korsholm; Health~Holland PPP Allowance 'Getting the Perfect Image' (S.W.v.d.L.); Heinz Nixdorf Foundation; Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the State of Bavaria; Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association); Hong Kong Kadoorie Charitable Foundation; ImriCor (S.N.); Institut National du Cancer (INCa); Instituto de Salud Carlos III: CPII22/00007 (M.S.-L.), FEDER (PI08/1770, PI09/00773-Cantabria, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI15/00069, RD09/0076/00036); Italian Ministry of Health and the US National Institute on Aging (263 MD 9164 and 263 MD 821336); Italian Ministry of Health through RC 01/21 (M.P.C.).; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (JDRF) (BEAT-DKD); Komen Foundation for the Cure; Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (A102065); Korea National Institute of Health intramural grant 2019-NG-053-02; Kuwait Foundation for the Advancements of Sciences (KFAS) (T.A.T. and F.A.-M.); Leiden University Medical Center; Leo Laboratories; Ligue departementale du Val de Marne; Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; Medical University of Graz (ASPS); Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.; MEXT (16H05250, 15K19242, 16H06277, 19K19434, 20K10514, 21H03206, 22H04923, 22H03350, 23K24608, 24K02690); Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation; Murdoch University; National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea (2022-NI067-02); National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea (4845-301, 4851-302, 4851-307); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC 0900500, 0900501, 0900504, 1303904); National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF): RS-2023-00245960 (Y.S.C.), NRF-2023R1A2C2006416 (H.-N.K.); NCHA (Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing) Leiden/Rotterdam; Netherlands Twin Registry Repository and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL, 184.021.007 and 184.033. 111); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); NextGenerationEU Project code CN_00000033, CUP B83C22002930006; Nordic Center of Excellence in Health-Related e-Sciences (Xueping.L.); Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Novo Nordisk, Inc.; NZO (Dutch Dairy Association); Oak Foundation fellowship (B.F.); Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Pfizer; philanthropic donation to Northshore University Health System; Pla Director d'Oncologia de Catalunya (XBTC); Prostate Cancer Canada Movember Discovery Grant (D201317) (RJH); Prostate Research Campaign UK (now PCUK/Prostate Action); Queen's University Belfast; Region of Southern Denmark; Research Foundation of Copenhagen County; Research Project for Excellence IKY/SIEMENS; Rosetrees Trust; Royal Marsden Foundation NHS Trust; Safe Work Australia, WA Health, Government of Western Australia (WADOH) (Future Health WA G06302); Sanofi; Sardinian Autonomous Region (L.R. no. 7/2009) cRP3-154; Servier Research Group; Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01); Siemens Healthineers; Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment grants GB-MaGW 480-01-006 and GB-MaGW 480-07-001; Social Sciences Council project grants GB-MaGW 452-04-314 and GB-MaGW 452-06-004; Special Governmental Grants for Health Sciences Research, Turku University Hospital; Stanley Medical Research Institute; Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Takeda Medical Research Foundation; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Temas Prioritarios de Salud Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (2014-FIS/IMSS/PROT/PRIO/14/34); the Aarhus and Copenhagen universities and university hospitals; the Accelerating Clinical Trials funding stream in Canada (P.Ki.); the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; the ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament); the Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; the Anthony DeNovi Fund; the Assessorato Ricerca Regione Campania (POR CAMPANIA 2000/2006 MISURA 3.16); the Atlantic Philanthropies; the Augustinus Foundation; the Augustinus Foundation; the Austrian Ministry of Science; the Austrian National Bank Anniversary Fund, P15435; the Austrian Science Fond (FWF) P20545-P05, P13180, P20545-B05; the Baden Wurttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts; the Becket Foundation; the Belgian federal government (National Cancer Plan KPC_29_023) (F.C. and S.J.); the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) of Singapore (08/1/35/19/550, 09/1/35/19/616); the Breast Cancer Research Foundation; the Broad Institute; the C.G. Sundell Foundation; the Canada Research Chair Program (G.L.); the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (2013-702108) (RJH); Cancer Foundation Finland; the Catalan Government DURSI 2009SGR1489; the Center for Translational Molecular Medicine; the Center of Innovation Program, the Global University Project from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan; the Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland; the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710); the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Endowed Chair in Genomic Research; the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health for support for CHNS 2009; the CNR project FOE-2021 DBA. AD005. 225 NUTRAGE; the Competitive Research Funding of the Tampere University Hospital (9M048, 9N035); the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) in Mexico (2092, M9303, F677, 251); the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) from the Japan Science Technology Agency; the Cotswold Foundation; the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Ministry of Science and Technology (G.R.C.); the Daniel B. Burke Endowed Chair for Diabetes Research (S.F.A.G., CHOP); the Danish Centre for Health Technology Assessment; the Danish Diabetes Association; the Danish Heart Foundation (M.G.-M., Inter99); the Danish National Research Foundation; the Danish Pharmaceutical Association; the Danish Pharmacists' Fund; The Danish Research Council for Independent Research; the Department of Innovation, Research, and University of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol; the Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association; the Donald C. McGraw Foundation; the Dutch Brain Foundation; the Dutch Kidney Foundation (grant E0.13); the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC); the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) UK: ES/H029745/1, ES/L008459/1, ES/M001660/1, ES/S007253/1 (M.Ku.), ES/T002611/1 (M.Ku.), ES/T014083/1 (M.Ku.); the Egmont Foundation; the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol (K.H.W.); the Else Kroner-Fresenius-Stiftung: P.Ki., 2012_A147; the Emil Aaltonen Foundation; The Everyman Campaign; the Eye Birth Defects Foundation, Inc.; the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; the Finnish Cardiac Research Foundation; the Finnish Cultural Foundation; the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation; the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research (Ve.S. and Sa.R.); the Finnish innovation fund Sitra (E.W.); the Finnish Medical Society; the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture; the Finnish Society of Clinical Chemistry; the Folkhalsan Research Foundation; the Foundation for Pediatric Research, Finland; the Foundation for Strategic Research and the Stockholm County Council (560283); the Free State of Saxony; the French Ministry of Research; the Fundacion IMSS Mexico; the Fundacion Marques de Valdecilla (API 10/09); the FWO (TVDB); the Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine; the General Clinical Research Center Program (GCRC); the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; the Genetic Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC; the German Heart Foundation (DSF); the German Ministry of Cultural Affairs; Gothenburg University; the Government of Canada through Genome Canada, Genome Quebec, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR): FRN-CCT-83028, GPH-129344, MOP-82893, operating grants (E.J.P.) and a New Investigator Award (E.J.P.), PJT no. 156248 (G.L.)., the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Ministere de l'Economie et de l'Innovation du Quebec, the Ministere de l'Economie, Science et Innovation du Quebec, the PSRSIIRI-701 grant. ; grant of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM); the Gratama Foundation; the Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology (PENED 2003); the Health and Social Care Research and Development Division of the Irish Public Health Agency; the Health Fund of the Danish Health Insurance Societies; the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Foundation; the Ib Henriksen Foundation; the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) 5571/DSPAR/2002; the Italian Ministry of Universities; the Jan Dekker Foundation; the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED): the Program for an Integrated Database of Clinical and Genomic Information (kk0205008), the Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases (ek0109070, ek0109283, ek0109196, ek0109348); the Juho Vainio Foundation (Ve.S., YFS); the KfH Foundation for Preventive Medicine (the KfH Stiftung Praventivmedizin); the KfH Stiftung Praventivmedizin e.V. (C.A.B.); the Kids Research Institute Australia; the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; the Leiden University, Research Profile Area 'Vascular and Regenerative Medicine'; the Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE); the Lundbeck Foundation (R155-2013-14070); the Lundberg Foundation; the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation; the Medical Research Council of Canada; the Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology, North Rhine-Westphalia (MIWFT-NRW); the Montreal Heart Institute Biobank; the Montreal Heart Institute Foundation (G.L.); the Morris and Horowitz Families Endowed Professorship; the Movember Foundation grant no. D2013-36; the Municipal Health Care Center and Hospital in Jakobstad; the Narpes Health Care Foundation; the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK; the National Cancer Research Network UK; the National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan (MG-112-SP-09, MG-112-PP-18, MG-113-GP-03); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970684, 91846303); the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), European Union; the National Research Foundation, Singapore (HUJ-CREATE Programme 370062002); the National Science Council, Taiwan (NSC 98-2314-B-075A-002-MY3); the National University Health System, Singapore; the National University of Singapore; the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative (DECISION project 848090001); the Nordic Center of Excellence in Disease Genetics; the Norwegian Atrial Fibrillation Research Network; the Office of Research on Minority Health (ORMH); the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister of Ireland; the Ollqvist Foundation; the Oogfonds, MaculaFonds, Landelijke Stichting voor Blinden en Slechtzienden, Stichting Blindenhulp, Stichting A.F. Deutman Oogheelkunde Researchfonds; the Orchid Cancer Appeal; the Oulu University Hospital, 24301140; the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund; the Paavo Nurmi Foundation; the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; the Perklen Foundation; the Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation Organization (NIBIO); the Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia; the Prostate Cancer Research Foundation; the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation; the Raine Study Medical Research Foundation; the Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports grant 108-1080315-0302 (I.R. ); the Research Council of Norway (287086); the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2); the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; the Ronald and Rita McAulay Foundation; the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; the Science Foundation Ireland-Department for the Economy (SFI-DfE) Investigator Program Partnership Award (15/IA/3152); the Scottish Funding Council (HR03006); the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; the Sigrid Juselius Foundation; the Singapore Ministry of Health (Population Health Metrics and Analytics PHMA); the Singapore National Medical Research Council (NMRC): 1270/2010, 0796/2003, 1176/2008, 1149/2008, Singapore Translational Research Investigator (STaR) Award (NMRC/STaR/0028/2017) (J.C.C.), STaR/0003/2008, 1249/2010, CG/SERI/2010, CIRG/1371/2013, CIRG/1417/2015; the Skane University Hospital; the Smilow family; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2019122); the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CEX2018-000806-S); the St. Louis Men's Group Against Cancer; the State of Brandenburg (DZD grant 82DZD00302); the Strategic Cardiovascular Program of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; the Strategic Priority CAS Project (XDB38000000); the Swedish Cancer Foundation; the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Dnr IRC15-0067); the Swedish Ministry of Education; the Swiss National Science Foundation (33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148