Journal article
Preserving stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Potential issues and solutions
Neurology, Vol.95(3), pp.124-133
07/21/2020
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009713
PMCID: PMC7455350
PMID: 32385186
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires drastic changes in allocation of resources, which can affect the delivery of stroke care, and many providers are seeking guidance. As caregivers, we are guided by 3 distinct principles that will occasionally conflict during the pandemic: (1) we must ensure the best care for those stricken with COVID-19, (2) we must provide excellent care and advocacy for patients with cerebrovascular disease and their families, and (3) we must advocate for the safety of health care personnel managing patients with stroke, with particular attention to those most vulnerable, including trainees. This descriptive review by a diverse group of experts in stroke care aims to provide advice by specifically addressing the potential impact of this pandemic on (1) the quality of the stroke care delivered, (2) ethical considerations in stroke care, (3) safety and logistic issues for providers of patients with stroke, and (4) stroke research. Our recommendations on these issues represent our best opinions given the available information, but are subject to revision as the situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve. We expect that ongoing emergent research will offer additional insights that will provide evidence that could prompt the modification or removal of some of these recommendations.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Preserving stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Potential issues and solutions
- Creators
- Enrique C Leira - University of Iowa, NeurologyAndrew N Russman - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAJosé Biller - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VADevin L Brown - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VACheryl D Bushnell - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAValeria Caso - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAAngel Chamorro - University of Iowa, NeurologyClaire J Creutzfeldt - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VASalvador Cruz-Flores - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAMitchell S V Elkind - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAPierre Fayad - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAMichael T Froehler - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VALarry B Goldstein - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VANicole R Gonzales - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VABrian Kaskie - University of Iowa, Health Management and PolicyPooja Khatri - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VASarah Livesay - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VADavid S Liebeskind - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAJennifer J Majersik - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAAsma M Moheet - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAJose G Romano - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VANerses Sanossian - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VALauren H Sansing - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VABrian Silver - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAAlexis N Simpkins - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAWade Smith - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VADavid L Tirschwell - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VADavid Z Wang - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VADileep R Yavagal - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VABradford B Worrall - From the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Epidemiology (E.C.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Cerebrovascular Center (A.N.R.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology (D.L.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Neurology (C.D.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Stroke Unit (V.C.), University of Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.J.C., D.L.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurology (S.C.-F.), Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX; Departments of Neurology & Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurological Sciences (P.F.), University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (M.T.F.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (L.B.G.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX; Department of Health Management and Policy (B.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Department of Neurology (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Adult Health & Gerontology Nursing (S.L.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (D.S.L.), UCLA; Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Neurocritical Care, OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital (A.M.M.), Columbus, OH; Department of Neurology (J.G.R.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (N.S.), University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (B.S.), University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology (A.N.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (W.S.), UCSF; Department of Neurology (D.Z.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery (D.R.Y.), University of Miami, FL; and Department of Neurology (B.B.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Neurology, Vol.95(3), pp.124-133
- DOI
- 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009713
- PMID
- 32385186
- PMCID
- PMC7455350
- NLM abbreviation
- Neurology
- ISSN
- 0028-3878
- eISSN
- 1526-632X
- Language
- English
- Date published
- 07/21/2020
- Academic Unit
- Neurology; Health Management and Policy; Epidemiology; Iowa Neuroscience Institute; Neurosurgery
- Record Identifier
- 9984070505102771
Metrics
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