Prompt Searches for Very-high-energy γ -Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

J Abhir; A Biland; K Brand; T Bretz; D Dorner; L Eisenberger; D Elsaesser; P Günther; S Hasan; D Hildebrand; K Mannheim; M Linhoff; F Pfeifle; W Rhode; B Schleicher; V Sliusar; M Vorbrugg; R Walter; F Aharonian; F Ait Benkhali; J Aschersleben; M Garcia; H Ashkar; G Garg; M Backes; E Genton; V Barbosa Martins; L Gerhardt; R Batzofin; A Ghadimi; Y Becherini; C Glaser; D Berge; T Glüsenkamp; M Böttcher; J. G Gonzalez; C Boisson; S Goswami; J Bolmont; A Granados; J Borowska; D Grant; R Brose; S. J Gray; A Brown; S Griffin; F Brun; S Griswold; B Bruno; K. M Groth; S Casanova; D Guevel; J Celic; C Günther; M Cerruti; P Gutjahr; A Chen; C Ha; M Chernyakova; C Haack; J Chibueze; A Hallgren; O Chibueze; L Halve; B Cornejo; F Halzen; G Cotter; L Hamacher; G Cozzolongo; M Ha Minh; J Damascene Mbarubucyeye; M Handt; J de Assis Scarpin; K Hanson; A Delgado Giles; J Hardin; A Djannati-Ataï; A. A Harnisch; J Djuvsland; P Hatch; A Dmytriiev; A Haungs; K Egberts; J Häussler; K Egg; K Helbing; S Einecke; J Hellrung; J.-P Ernenwein; B Henke; C Escañuela Nieves; L Hennig; K Feijen; F Henningsen; M Filipovic; L Heuermann; G Fontaine; R Hewett; S Funk; N Heyer; S Gabici; S Hickford; J.F Glicenstein; A Hidvegi; P Goswami; C Hill; G Grolleron; G. C Hill; B Hess; R Hmaid; J.A Hinton; K. D Hoffman; M Holler; D Hooper; M Jamrozy; S Hori; F Jankowsky; K Hoshina; I Jung-Richardt; M Hostert; E Kasai; W Hou; K Katarzyński; M Hrywniak; H Katjaita; T Huber; D Kerszberg; K Hultqvist; R Khatoon; K Hymon; B Khélifi; A Ishihara; W Kluźniak; W Iwakiri; Nu Komin; M Jacquart; R Konno; S Jain; K Kosack; O Janik; D Kostunin; M Jansson; G Kukec Mezek; M Jeong; R.G Lang; M Jin; A Lemière; N Kamp; M Lemoine-Goumard; D Kang; J.-P Lenain; W Kang; A Luashvili; X Kang; J Mackey; A Kappes; V Marandon; L Kardum; G Martí-Devesa; T Karg; R Marx; M Karl; M Mayer; A Karle; A Mehta; A Katil; A Mitchell; M Kauer; R Moderski; J. L Kelley; M.O Moghadam; M Khanal; L Mohrmann; A Khatee Zathul; E Moulin; A Kheirandish; M de Naurois; H Kimku; J Niemiec; J Kiryluk; E de Ona Wilhelmi; C Klein; S Panny; S. R Klein; M Panter; Y Kobayashi; R.D Parsons; A Kochocki; U Pensec; R Koirala; P Pichard; H Kolanoski; G Pühlhofer; T Kontrimas; M Punch; L Köpke; A Quirrenbach; C Kopper; M Regeard; D. J Koskinen; O Reimer; P Koundal; H Ren; M Kowalski; F Rieger; T Kozynets; G Rowell; A Kravka; B Rudak; N Krieger; K Sabri; J Krishnamoorthi; V Sahakian; T Krishnan; H Salzmann; K Kruiswijk; M Sasaki; E Krupczak; J Schäfer; A Kumar; F Schüssler; E Kun; H.M Schutte; N Kurahashi; M Senniappan; N Lad; J.N.S Shapopi; C Lagunas Gualda; A Sharma; L Lallement Arnaud; H Sol; M Lamoureux; S Spencer; M. J Larson; Ł Stawarz; F Lauber; R Steenkamp; J. P Lazar; S Steinmassl; K Leonard DeHolton; C Steppa; A Leszczyńska; T Takahashi; J Liao; T Tanaka; C Lin; A.M Taylor; Y. T Liu; M Tsirou; M Liubarska; C van Eldik; C Love; M Vecchi; L Lu; C Venter; F Lucarelli; J Vink; W Luszczak; T Wach; Y Lyu; S.J Wagner; M Macdonald; A Wierzcholska; J Madsen; M Zacharias; E Magnus; A.A Zdziarski; Y Makino; A Zech; E Manao; N Żywucka; S Mancina; S Abe; A Mand; A Abhishek; I. C Mariş; A Aguasca-Cabot; S Marka; I Agudo; Z Marka; T Aniello; L Marten; S Ansoldi; I Martinez-Soler; L. A Antonelli; R Maruyama; A Arbet Engels; J Mauro; C Arcaro; F Mayhew; M Artero; F McNally; K Asano; J. V Mead; A Babić; K Meagher; C Bakshi; S Mechbal; U Barres de Almeida; A Medina; J. A Barrio; M Meier; L Barrios-Jiménez; Y Merckx; I Batković; L Merten; J Baxter; J Mitchell; J Becerra González; L Molchany; W Bednarek; S Mondal; E Bernardini; T Montaruli; J Bernete; R. W Moore; A Berti; Y Morii; J Besenrieder; A Mosbrugger; C Bigongiari; M Moulai; O Blanch; D Mousadi; H Bökenkamp; E Moyaux; G Bonnoli; T Mukherjee; Ž Bošnjak; R Naab; E Bronzini; M Nakos; I Burelli; U Naumann; A Campoy-Ordaz; J Necker; A Carosi; L Neste; R Carosi; M Neumann; M Carretero-Castrillo; H Niederhausen; A. J Castro-Tirado; M. U Nisa; D Cerasole; A Noell; G Ceribella; A Novikov; Y Chai; A Obertacke; A Chilingarian; V O’Dell; A Cifuentes; A Olivas; J. L Contreras; R Orsoe; J Cortina; J Osborn; S Covino; E O’Sullivan; G D’Amico; V Palusova; P Da Vela; H Pandya; F Dazzi; A Parenti; A De Angelis; N Park; B De Lotto; V Parrish; M Delfino; E. N Paudel; C Delgado Mendez; L Paul; F Di Pierro; C Pérez de los Heros; R Di Tria; T Pernice; L Di Venere; T. C Petersen; A Dinesh; J Peterson; D Dominis Prester; M Plum; A Donini; A Pontén; M Doro; V Poojyam; J Escudero; Y Popovych; L Fariña; M Prado Rodriguez; A Fattorini; B Pries; L Foffano; R Procter-Murphy; L Font; G. T Przybylski; S Fröse; L Pyras; Y Fukazawa; C Raab; S Gasparyan; J Rack-Helleis; M Gaug; N Rad; J. G Giesbrecht Paiva; M Ravn; N Giglietto; K Rawlins; F Giordano; Z Rechav; P Gliwny; A Rehman; N Godinović; I Reistroffer; T Gradetzke; E Resconi; R Grau; S Reusch; D Green; C. D Rho; J. G Green; L Ricca; D Hadasch; B Riedel; A Hahn; A Rifaie; T Hassan; E. J Roberts; L Heckmann; M Rongen; D Hrupec; A Rosted; R Imazawa; C Rott; D Israyelyan; T Ruhe; I Jiménez Martínez; L Ruohan; J Jiménez Quiles; Dirk Ryckbosch; J Jormanainen; J Saffer; S Kankkunen; D Salazar-Gallegos; T Kayanoki; P Sampathkumar; J Konrad; A Sandrock; P. M Kouch; G Sanger-Johnson; H Kubo; S Sarkar; J Kushida; J Savelberg; M Láinez; M Scarnera; A Lamastra; P Schaile; E Lindfors; M Schaufel; S Lombardi; H Schieler; F Longo; S Schindler; R López-Coto; L Schlickmann; M López-Moya; B Schlüter; A López-Oramas; F Schlüter; S Loporchio; N Schmeisser; L Lulić; T Schmidt; E Lyard; F. G Schröder; P Majumdar; L Schumacher; M Makariev; S Schwirn; M Mallamaci; S Sclafani; G Maneva; D Seckel; M Manganaro; L Seen; S Mangano; M Seikh; S Marchesi; S Seunarine; M Mariotti; P. A Sevle Myhr; M Martínez; R Shah; P Maruševec; S Shefali; A Mas-Aguilar; N Shimizu; D Mazin; B Skrzypek; S Menchiari; R Snihur; J Méndez Gallego; J Soedingrekso; D Miceli; A Sègaard; J. M Miranda; D Soldin; R Mirzoyan; P Soldin; M Molero González; G Sommani; E Molina; C Spannfellner; H. A Mondal; G. M Spiczak; A Moralejo; C Spiering; T Nakamori; Juliana Stachurska; C Nanci; M Stamatikos; V Neustroev; T Stanev; M Nievas Rosillo; T Stezelberger; C Nigro; T Stürwald; L Nikolić; T Stuttard; K Nilsson; G. W Sullivan; K Nishijima; I Taboada; K Noda; S Ter-Antonyan; S Nozaki; A Terliuk; A Okumura; A Thakuri; J Otero-Santos; M Thiesmeyer; S Paiano; W. G Thompson; D Paneque; J Thwaites; J. M Paredes; S Tilav; M Peresano; K Tollefson; M Persic; S Toscano; M Pihet; D Tosi; F Podobnik; A Trettin; P. G Prada Moroni; A. K Upadhyay; E Prandini; K Upshaw; M Ribó; A Vaidyanathan; J Rico; N Valtonen-Mattila; T Saito; J Vandenbroucke; S Sakurai; T Van Eeden; K Satalecka; N van Eijndhoven; F. 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L Christiansen; F D’Ammando; A. J Chromey; FACT Collaboration; M Errando; VERITAS Collaboration; S Feldman; IceCube Collaboration; Q Feng; H.E.S.S. Collaboration; S Filbert; L Fortson; A Furniss; W Hanlon; O Hervet; C. E Hinrichs; J Holder; Z Hughes; T. B Humensky; W Jin; M. N Johnson; P Kaaret; M Kertzman; M Kherlakian; D Kieda; T. K Kleiner; N Korzoun; M. J Lang; M Lundy; G Maier; M. J Millard; J Millis; P Moriarty; R Mukherjee; W Ning; R. A Ong; A Pandey; M Pohl; J Quinn; P. L Rabinowitz; K Ragan; P. T Reynolds; D Ribeiro; E Roache; I Sadeh; A. C Sadun; L Saha; M Santander; G. H Sembroski; R Shang; D Tak; A. K Talluri; J. V Tucci; J Valverde; V. V Vassiliev; D. A Williams; S. L Wong; S Buson; R Abbasi; M Ackermann; J Adams; S. K Agarwalla; J. A Aguilar; M Ahlers; J.M Alameddine; S Ali; N. M Amin; K Andeen; C Argüelles; Y Ashida; S Athanasiadou; S. N Axani; R Babu; X Bai; J Baines-Holmes; A Balagopal V.; S. W Barwick; S Bash; V Basu; R Bay; J. 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doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c4e

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Prompt Searches for Very-high-energy γ -Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

Journal article

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Peer reviewed

Prompt Searches for Very-high-energy γ -Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

J Abhir, A Biland, K Brand, T Bretz, D Dorner, L Eisenberger, D Elsaesser, P Günther, S Hasan, D Hildebrand, …

The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.997(2), 141

01/20/2026

DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c4e

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Abstract

The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multimessenger approach, which seeks to detect the γ-rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multimessenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in high-energy (E > 1 GeV) and very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ-rays in coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A, identified by IceCube. Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), namely FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, continue to conduct extensive neutrino target-of-opportunity follow-up programs. These programs have two components: follow-up observations of single astrophysical neutrino candidate events (such as IceCube-170922A), and observation of known γ-ray sources after the identification of a cluster of neutrino events by IceCube. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of follow-up observations of high-energy neutrino events observed by the four IACTs between 2017 September (after the IceCube-170922A event) and 2021 January. Our study found no associations between γ-ray sources and the observed neutrino events. We provide a detailed overview of each neutrino event and its potential counterparts. Furthermore, a joint analysis of all IACT data is included, yielding combined upper limits on the VHE γ-ray flux.

Details

Title: Subtitle: Prompt Searches for Very-high-energy γ -Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts
Creators: J Abhir
A Biland
K Brand
T Bretz
D Dorner
L Eisenberger
D Elsaesser
P Günther
S Hasan
D Hildebrand
K Mannheim
M Linhoff
F Pfeifle
W Rhode
B Schleicher
V Sliusar
M Vorbrugg
R Walter
F Aharonian
F Ait Benkhali
J Aschersleben
M Garcia
H Ashkar
G Garg
M Backes
E Genton
V Barbosa Martins
L Gerhardt
R Batzofin
A Ghadimi
Y Becherini
C Glaser
D Berge
T Glüsenkamp
M Böttcher
J. G Gonzalez
C Boisson
S Goswami
J Bolmont
A Granados
J Borowska
D Grant
R Brose
S. J Gray
A Brown
S Griffin
F Brun
S Griswold
B Bruno
K. M Groth
S Casanova
D Guevel
J Celic
C Günther
M Cerruti
P Gutjahr
A Chen
C Ha
M Chernyakova
C Haack
J Chibueze
A Hallgren
O Chibueze
L Halve
B Cornejo
F Halzen
G Cotter
L Hamacher
G Cozzolongo
M Ha Minh
J Damascene Mbarubucyeye
M Handt
J de Assis Scarpin
K Hanson
A Delgado Giles
J Hardin
A Djannati-Ataï
A. A Harnisch
J Djuvsland
P Hatch
A Dmytriiev
A Haungs
K Egberts
J Häussler
K Egg
K Helbing
S Einecke
J Hellrung
J.-P Ernenwein
B Henke
C Escañuela Nieves
L Hennig
K Feijen
F Henningsen
M Filipovic
L Heuermann
G Fontaine
R Hewett
S Funk
N Heyer
S Gabici
S Hickford
J.F Glicenstein
A Hidvegi
P Goswami
C Hill
G Grolleron
G. C Hill
B Hess
R Hmaid
J.A Hinton
K. D Hoffman
M Holler
D Hooper
M Jamrozy
S Hori
F Jankowsky
K Hoshina
I Jung-Richardt
M Hostert
E Kasai
W Hou
K Katarzyński
M Hrywniak
H Katjaita
T Huber
D Kerszberg
K Hultqvist
R Khatoon
K Hymon
B Khélifi
A Ishihara
W Kluźniak
W Iwakiri
Nu Komin
M Jacquart
R Konno
S Jain
K Kosack
O Janik
D Kostunin
M Jansson
G Kukec Mezek
M Jeong
R.G Lang
M Jin
A Lemière
N Kamp
M Lemoine-Goumard
D Kang
J.-P Lenain
W Kang
A Luashvili
X Kang
J Mackey
A Kappes
V Marandon
L Kardum
G Martí-Devesa
T Karg
R Marx
M Karl
M Mayer
A Karle
A Mehta
A Katil
A Mitchell
M Kauer
R Moderski
J. L Kelley
M.O Moghadam
M Khanal
L Mohrmann
A Khatee Zathul
E Moulin
A Kheirandish
M de Naurois
H Kimku
J Niemiec
J Kiryluk
E de Ona Wilhelmi
C Klein
S Panny
S. R Klein
M Panter
Y Kobayashi
R.D Parsons
A Kochocki
U Pensec
R Koirala
P Pichard
H Kolanoski
G Pühlhofer
T Kontrimas
M Punch
L Köpke
A Quirrenbach
C Kopper
M Regeard
D. J Koskinen
O Reimer
P Koundal
H Ren
M Kowalski
F Rieger
T Kozynets
G Rowell
A Kravka
B Rudak
N Krieger
K Sabri
J Krishnamoorthi
V Sahakian
T Krishnan
H Salzmann
K Kruiswijk
M Sasaki
E Krupczak
J Schäfer
A Kumar
F Schüssler
E Kun
H.M Schutte
N Kurahashi
M Senniappan
N Lad
J.N.S Shapopi
C Lagunas Gualda
A Sharma
L Lallement Arnaud
H Sol
M Lamoureux
S Spencer
M. J Larson
Ł Stawarz
F Lauber
R Steenkamp
J. P Lazar
S Steinmassl
K Leonard DeHolton
C Steppa
A Leszczyńska
T Takahashi
J Liao
T Tanaka
C Lin
A.M Taylor
Y. T Liu
M Tsirou
M Liubarska
C van Eldik
C Love
M Vecchi
L Lu
C Venter
F Lucarelli
J Vink
W Luszczak
T Wach
Y Lyu
S.J Wagner
M Macdonald
A Wierzcholska
J Madsen
M Zacharias
E Magnus
A.A Zdziarski
Y Makino
A Zech
E Manao
N Żywucka
S Mancina
S Abe
A Mand
A Abhishek
I. C Mariş
A Aguasca-Cabot
S Marka
I Agudo
Z Marka
T Aniello
L Marten
S Ansoldi
I Martinez-Soler
L. A Antonelli
R Maruyama
A Arbet Engels
J Mauro
C Arcaro
F Mayhew
M Artero
F McNally
K Asano
J. V Mead
A Babić
K Meagher
C Bakshi
S Mechbal
U Barres de Almeida
A Medina
J. A Barrio
M Meier
L Barrios-Jiménez
Y Merckx
I Batković
L Merten
J Baxter
J Mitchell
J Becerra González
L Molchany
W Bednarek
S Mondal
E Bernardini
T Montaruli
J Bernete
R. W Moore
A Berti
Y Morii
J Besenrieder
A Mosbrugger
C Bigongiari
M Moulai
O Blanch
D Mousadi
H Bökenkamp
E Moyaux
G Bonnoli
T Mukherjee
Ž Bošnjak
R Naab
E Bronzini
M Nakos
I Burelli
U Naumann
A Campoy-Ordaz
J Necker
A Carosi
L Neste
R Carosi
M Neumann
M Carretero-Castrillo
H Niederhausen
A. J Castro-Tirado
M. U Nisa
D Cerasole
A Noell
G Ceribella
A Novikov
Y Chai
A Obertacke
A Chilingarian
V O’Dell
A Cifuentes
A Olivas
J. L Contreras
R Orsoe
J Cortina
J Osborn
S Covino
E O’Sullivan
G D’Amico
V Palusova
P Da Vela
H Pandya
F Dazzi
A Parenti
A De Angelis
N Park
B De Lotto
V Parrish
M Delfino
E. N Paudel
C Delgado Mendez
L Paul
F Di Pierro
C Pérez de los Heros
R Di Tria
T Pernice
L Di Venere
T. C Petersen
A Dinesh
J Peterson
D Dominis Prester
M Plum
A Donini
A Pontén
M Doro
V Poojyam
J Escudero
Y Popovych
L Fariña
M Prado Rodriguez
A Fattorini
B Pries
L Foffano
R Procter-Murphy
L Font
G. T Przybylski
S Fröse
L Pyras
Y Fukazawa
C Raab
S Gasparyan
J Rack-Helleis
M Gaug
N Rad
J. G Giesbrecht Paiva
M Ravn
N Giglietto
K Rawlins
F Giordano
Z Rechav
P Gliwny
A Rehman
N Godinović
I Reistroffer
T Gradetzke
E Resconi
R Grau
S Reusch
D Green
C. D Rho
J. G Green
L Ricca
D Hadasch
B Riedel
A Hahn
A Rifaie
T Hassan
E. J Roberts
L Heckmann
M Rongen
D Hrupec
A Rosted
R Imazawa
C Rott
D Israyelyan
T Ruhe
I Jiménez Martínez
L Ruohan
J Jiménez Quiles
Dirk Ryckbosch
J Jormanainen
J Saffer
S Kankkunen
D Salazar-Gallegos
T Kayanoki
P Sampathkumar
J Konrad
A Sandrock
P. M Kouch
G Sanger-Johnson
H Kubo
S Sarkar
J Kushida
J Savelberg
M Láinez
M Scarnera
A Lamastra
P Schaile
E Lindfors
M Schaufel
S Lombardi
H Schieler
F Longo
S Schindler
R López-Coto
L Schlickmann
M López-Moya
B Schlüter
A López-Oramas
F Schlüter
S Loporchio
N Schmeisser
L Lulić
T Schmidt
E Lyard
F. G Schröder
P Majumdar
L Schumacher
M Makariev
S Schwirn
M Mallamaci
S Sclafani
G Maneva
D Seckel
M Manganaro
L Seen
S Mangano
M Seikh
S Marchesi
S Seunarine
M Mariotti
P. A Sevle Myhr
M Martínez
R Shah
P Maruševec
S Shefali
A Mas-Aguilar
N Shimizu
D Mazin
B Skrzypek
S Menchiari
R Snihur
J Méndez Gallego
J Soedingrekso
D Miceli
A Sègaard
J. M Miranda
D Soldin
R Mirzoyan
P Soldin
M Molero González
G Sommani
E Molina
C Spannfellner
H. A Mondal
G. M Spiczak
A Moralejo
C Spiering
T Nakamori
Juliana Stachurska
C Nanci
M Stamatikos
V Neustroev
T Stanev
M Nievas Rosillo
T Stezelberger
C Nigro
T Stürwald
L Nikolić
T Stuttard
K Nilsson
G. W Sullivan
K Nishijima
I Taboada
K Noda
S Ter-Antonyan
S Nozaki
A Terliuk
A Okumura
A Thakuri
J Otero-Santos
M Thiesmeyer
S Paiano
W. G Thompson
D Paneque
J Thwaites
J. M Paredes
S Tilav
M Peresano
K Tollefson
M Persic
S Toscano
M Pihet
D Tosi
F Podobnik
A Trettin
P. G Prada Moroni
A. K Upadhyay
E Prandini
K Upshaw
M Ribó
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Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.997(2), 141
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c4e
ISSN: 0004-637X
eISSN: 1538-4357
Publisher: American Astronomical Society; Bristol
Grant note: FACT: ETH-10.08-2, ETH-27.12-1 Swiss SNFGerman BMBF (Verbundforschung Astro- und Astroteilchenphysik)HAP (Helmoltz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the Collaborative Research Center: SFB 876 MAGIC collaboration
FACT. The important contributions from ETH Zurich grants ETH-10.08-2 and ETH-27.12-1 as well as the funding by the Swiss SNF and the German BMBF (Verbundforschung Astro- und Astroteilchenphysik) and HAP (Helmoltz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics) are gratefully acknowledged. Part of this work is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the Collaborative Research Center SFB 876 "Providing Information by Resource-Constrained Analysis," project C3. We are thankful for the very valuable contributions from E. Lorenz, D. Renker, and G. Viertel during the early phase of the project. We thank the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias for allowing us to operate the telescope at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma, the Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik for providing us with the mount of the former HEGRA CT3 telescope, and the MAGIC collaboration for their support.
Language: English
Date published: 01/20/2026
Academic Unit: Physics and Astronomy
Record Identifier: 9985144737302771

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