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Recent Advances in Lipopolysaccharide Recognition Systems
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Recent Advances in Lipopolysaccharide Recognition Systems

Lalita Mazgaeen and Prajwal Gurung
International journal of molecular sciences, Vol.21(2), p.379
01/02/2020
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020379
PMCID: PMC7013859
PMID: 31936182
url
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020379View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), commonly known as endotoxin, is ubiquitous and the most-studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern. A component of Gram-negative bacteria, extracellular LPS is sensed by our immune system via the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. Given that TLR4 is membrane bound, it recognizes LPS in the extracellular milieu or within endosomes. Whether additional sensors, if any, play a role in LPS recognition within the cytoplasm remained unknown until recently. The last decade has seen an unprecedented unfolding of TLR4-independent LPS sensing pathways. First, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been identified as non-TLR membrane-bound sensors of LPS and, second, caspase-4/5 (and caspase-11 in mice) have been established as the cytoplasmic sensors for LPS. Here in this review, we detail the brief history of LPS discovery, followed by the discovery of TLR4, TRP as the membrane-bound sensor, and our current understanding of caspase-4/5/11 as cytoplasmic sensors.
 Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Chemistry Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Life Sciences & Biomedicine Physical Sciences Science & Technology

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