Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies for Older Adults with Persistent Pain.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies for certain analgesic agents, but all medicines for older adults warrant risk-reduction considerations. Although not all older adults have pain, a higher prevalence of persistent pain exists in this population. Nursing actions are needed to minimize the negative impact persistent pain, analgesic agents, or both have on physical, mental, and social functioning. Practices vary considerably, ranging from failing to use analgesic agents for older adults with considerable pain to exposing them to potentially life-threatening toxicities, overdoses, or drug interactions. Older adults tend to be more vulnerable to side effects and drug interactions due to differences in drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination; thus, vigilant assessment and monitoring is needed to mitigate risks whenever analgesic agents are used. This review delineates these vulnerabilities while informing clinicians of the strategies needed to promote safe, effective use of medications when treating pain in older adults.