Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination

Anne-Marie Rick; Matthew B. Laurens; Ying Huang; Chenchen Yu; Thomas C.S. Martin; Carina A. Rodriguez; Christina A. Rostad; Rebone M. Maboa; Lindsey R. Baden; Hana M. El Sahly; Beatriz Grinsztejn; Glenda E. Gray; Cynthia L. Gay; Peter B. Gilbert; Holly E. Janes; James G. Kublin; Yunda Huang; Brett Leav; Ian Hirsch; Frank Struyf; Lisa M. Dunkle; Kathleen M. Neuzil; Lawrence Corey; Paul A. Goepfert; Stephen R. Walsh; Dean Follmann; Karen L. Kotloff; Atoya Adams; Eric Miller; Bruce G. Rankin; Steven Shinn; Marshall Nash; Sinikka L. Green; Colleen Jacobsen; Jayasree Krishnankutty; Sikhongi Phungwayo; Richard M. Glover; Stacy Slechta; Troy Holdeman; Robyn Hartvickson; Amber Grant; Terry L. Poling; Terry D. Klein; Thomas C. Klein; Tracy R. Klein; William B. Smith; Richard L. Gibson; Jennifer Winbigler; Elizabeth Parker; Eric Bravo; Jeffrey Thessing; Michelle Maxwell; Amanda Horn; Catherine Mary Healy; Christine Akamine; Laurence Chu; R. Michelle Chouteau; Michael J. Cotugno; George H. Bauer; Greg Hachigian; Masaru Oshita; Michael Cancilla; Kristen Kiersey; William Seger; Mohammed Antwi; Allison Green; Anthony Kim; Michael Desjardins; Jennifer A. Johnson; Amy Sherman; Judith Borger; Nafisa Saleem; Joel Solis; Martha Carmen Medina; Westly Keating; Edgar Garcia; Cynthia Bueno; Nathan Segall; Douglas S. Denham; Thomas Weiss; Ayoade Avworo; Parke Hedges; Cynthia Becher Strout; Rica Santiago; Yvonne Davis; Patty Howenstine; Alison Bondell; Kristin Marks; Tina Wang; Timothy Wilkin; Mary Vogler; Carrie Johnston; Michele P. Andrasik; Jessica G. Andriesen; Gail Broder; Niles Eaton; Huub G. Gelderblom; Rachael McClennen; Nelson Michael; Merlin Robb; Carrie Sopher; Vicki E. Miller; Fredric Santiago; Blanca Gomez; Insiya Valika; Amy Starr; Valeria D. Cantos; Sheetal Kandiah; Carlos del Rio; Nadine Rouphael; Srilatha Edupuganti; Evan J. Anderson; Andres Camacho-Gonzalez; Satoshi Kamidani; Meghan Teherani; David J. Diemert; Elissa Malkin; Marc Siegel; Afsoon Roberts; Gary Simon; Bindu Balani; Carolene Stephenson; Steven Sperber; Cristina Cicogna; Marcus J. Zervos; Paul Kilgore; Mayur Ramesh; Erica Herc; Kate Zenlea; Abram Burgher; Ann M. Milliken; Joseph D. Davis; Brendan Levy; Sandra Kelman; Matthew W. Doust; Denise Sample; Sandra Erickson; Shane G. Christensen; Christopher Matich; James Longe; John Witbeck; James T. Peterson; Alexander Clark; Gerald Kelty; Issac Pena-Renteria; Michael J. Koren; Darlene Bartilucci; Alpa Patel; Carolyn Tran; Christina Kennelly; Robert Brownlee; Jacob Coleman; Hala Webster; Carlos A. Fierro; Natalia Leistner; Amy Thompson; Celia Gonzalez; Lisa A. Jackson; Janice Suyehira; Milton Haber; Maria M. Regalado; Veronica Procasky; Alisha Lutat; Carl P. Griffin; Ripley R. Hollister; Jeremy Brown; Melody Ronk; Wayne L. Harper; Lisa Cohen; Lynn Eckert; Matthew Hong; Rambod Rouhbakhsh; Elizabeth Danford; John Johnson; Richard Calderone; Shishir K. Khetan; Oyebisi Olanrewaju; Nan Zhai; Kimberly Nieves; Allison O'Brien; Paul S. Bradley; Amanda Lilienthal; Jim Callis; Adam B. Brosz; Andrea Clement; Whitney West; Luke Friesen; Paul Cramer; Frank S. Eder; Ryan Little; Victoria Engler; Heather Rattenbury-Shaw; David J. Ensz; Allie Oplinger; Brandon J. Essink; Jay Meyer; Frederick Raiser; Kimberly Mueller; Keith W. Vrbicky; Charles Harper; Chelsie Nutsch; Wendell Lewis; Cathy Laflan; Jordan L. Whatley; Nicole Harrell; Amie Shannon; Crystal Rowell; Christopher Dedon; Mamodikoe Makhene; Gregory M. Gottschlich; Kate Harden; Melissa Gottschlich; Mary Smith; Richard Powell; Murray A. Kimmel; Simmy Pinto; Timothy P. Vachris; Mark Hutchens; Stephen Daniels; Margaret Wells; Mimi Van Der Leden; Peta-Gay Jackson-Booth; Mira Baron; Pamela Kane; Shannen Seversen; Mara Kryvicky; Julia Lord; Jamshid Saleh; Matthew Miles; Rafael Lupercio; John W. McGettigan; Walter Patton; Riemke Brakema; Karin Choquette; Jonlyn McGettigan; Judith L. Kirstein; Marcia Bernard; Mary Beth Manning; Joan Rothenberg; Toby Briskin; Denise Roadman; Sharita Tedder-Edwards; Howard I. Schwartz; Surisday Mederos; Shobha Swaminathan; Amesika Nyaku; Tilly Varughese; Michelle DallaPiazza; Sharon E. Frey; Irene Graham; Getahun Abate; Daniel Hoft; Leland N. Allen; Leslie A. Edwards; William S. Davis; Jessica M. Mena; Mark E. Kutner; Jorge Caso; Maria Hernandez Moran; Marianela Carvajal; Janet Mendez; Larkin T. Wadsworth; Michael R. Adams; Leslie Iverson; Joseph L. Newberg; Laura Pearlman; Paul J. Nugent; Michele D. Reynolds; Jennifer Bashour; Robert Schmidt; Neil P. Sheth; Kenneth Steil; Ramy J. Toma; William Kirby; Pink Folmar; Samantha Williams; Paul Pickrell; Stefanie Mott; Carol Ann Linebarger; Hussain Malbari; David Pampe; Veronica G. Fragoso; Lisa Holloway; Cecilia McKeown-Bragas; Teresa Becker; Barton G. Williams; William H. Jones; Jesse L. Clark; Steven Shoptaw; Michele Vertucci; Will Hernandez; Stephen A. 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Turley; Andrew McWilliams; Tiffany Esinhart; Natasha Montoya; Shamika Huskey; Leena Paul; Karen Tashima; Jennie Johnson; Marguerite Neill; Martha Sanchez; Natasha Rybak; Maria Mileno; Stuart H. Cohen; Monica Ruiz; Dean M. Boswell; Elizabeth E. Robison; Trina L. Reynolds; Sonja Neumeister; Carmen D. Zorrilla; Juana Rivera; Jessica Ibarra; Iris García; Dianca Sierra; Wanda Ramon; Suzanne Fiorillo; Rebecca Pitotti; Victoria R. Anderson; Nga Le; Patricia L. Winokur; Dilek Ince; Theresa Hegmann; Jeffrey Meier; Jack Stapleton; Laura Stulken; Monica McArthur; Andrea Berry; Milagritos Tapia; Elizabeth Hammershaimb; Toni Robinson; Rosa MacBryde; Susan Kline; Joanne L. Billings; Winston Cavert; Les B. Forgosh; Timothy W. Schacker; Tyler D. Bold; Dima Dandachi; Taylor Nelson; Andres Bran; Grant Geiger; S. Hasan Naqvi; Diana F. Florescu; Richard Starlin; David Kline; Andrea Zimmer; Anum Abbas; Natasha Wilson; Michael Sciaudone; A. Lina Rosengren; John S. Kizer; Sarah E. 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Ake; Elizabeth Secord; Eric McGrath; Phillip Levy; Brittany Stewart; Charnell Cromer; Ayanna Walters; Grant Ellsworth; Caroline Greene; Sarah Galloway; Shashi Kapadia; Elliot DeHaan; Clint Wilson; Jason Milligan; Danielle Raley; Joseph Bocchini; Bruce McClenathan; Mary Hussain; Evelyn Lomasney; Evelyn Hall; Sherry Lamberth; Christy Schmeck; Vickie Leathers; NIAID-funded COVID-19 Prevention Network (CoVPN); Deborah A. Theodore; Angela R. Branche; Daniel S. Graciaa; Timothy J. Hatlen; Jacqueline Miller; Jerald Sadoff; Ann R. Falsey; Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk

doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104799

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Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination

Anne-Marie Rick, Matthew B. Laurens, Ying Huang, Chenchen Yu, Thomas C.S. Martin, Carina A. Rodriguez, Christina A. Rostad, Rebone M. Maboa, Lindsey R. Baden, Hana M. El Sahly, …

EBioMedicine, Vol.96, 104799

10/2023

DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104799

PMCID: PMC10518569

PMID: 37738833

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104799View

Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. National Institutes of Health.

COVID-19

Hybrid immunity

Natural infection

Vaccination

Details

Title: Subtitle: Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination
Creators: Anne-Marie Rick - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Matthew B. Laurens - University of Mary
Ying Huang - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Chenchen Yu - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Thomas C.S. Martin - University of California System
Carina A. Rodriguez - University of South Florida
Christina A. Rostad - Emory University
Rebone M. Maboa - University of Limpopo
Lindsey R. Baden - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Hana M. El Sahly - Baylor College of Medicine
Beatriz Grinsztejn - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
Glenda E. Gray - South African Medical Research Council
Cynthia L. Gay - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Peter B. Gilbert - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Holly E. Janes - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
James G. Kublin - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Yunda Huang - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Brett Leav - Moderna Therapeutics (United States)
Ian Hirsch - AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
Frank Struyf - Janssen (Belgium)
Lisa M. Dunkle - Novavax (United States)
Kathleen M. Neuzil - University of Mary
Lawrence Corey - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Paul A. Goepfert - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Stephen R. Walsh - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Dean Follmann - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Karen L. Kotloff - University of Mary
Atoya Adams
Eric Miller - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Bruce G. Rankin
Steven Shinn
Marshall Nash
Sinikka L. Green
Colleen Jacobsen
Jayasree Krishnankutty
Sikhongi Phungwayo
Richard M. Glover
Stacy Slechta
Troy Holdeman
Robyn Hartvickson
Amber Grant
Terry L. Poling
Terry D. Klein
Thomas C. Klein - University of California System
Tracy R. Klein
William B. Smith
Richard L. Gibson
Jennifer Winbigler
Elizabeth Parker
Eric Bravo - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Jeffrey Thessing
Michelle Maxwell
Amanda Horn
Catherine Mary Healy
Christine Akamine
Laurence Chu
R. Michelle Chouteau
Michael J. Cotugno
George H. Bauer
Greg Hachigian
Masaru Oshita
Michael Cancilla
Kristen Kiersey
William Seger
Mohammed Antwi
Allison Green
Anthony Kim
Michael Desjardins
Jennifer A. Johnson
Amy Sherman
Judith Borger
Nafisa Saleem
Joel Solis
Martha Carmen Medina
Westly Keating
Edgar Garcia
Cynthia Bueno
Nathan Segall
Douglas S. Denham
Thomas Weiss - University of California System
Ayoade Avworo
Parke Hedges
Cynthia Becher Strout
Rica Santiago
Yvonne Davis
Patty Howenstine
Alison Bondell
Kristin Marks
Tina Wang - Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Timothy Wilkin
Mary Vogler
Carrie Johnston
Michele P. Andrasik
Jessica G. Andriesen
Gail Broder
Niles Eaton
Huub G. Gelderblom
Rachael McClennen
Nelson Michael
Merlin Robb
Carrie Sopher
Vicki E. Miller
Fredric Santiago
Blanca Gomez
Insiya Valika
Amy Starr
Valeria D. Cantos
Sheetal Kandiah
Carlos del Rio
Nadine Rouphael
Srilatha Edupuganti
Evan J. Anderson
Andres Camacho-Gonzalez
Satoshi Kamidani
Meghan Teherani
David J. Diemert
Elissa Malkin
Marc Siegel
Afsoon Roberts
Gary Simon
Bindu Balani
Carolene Stephenson
Steven Sperber
Cristina Cicogna
Marcus J. Zervos
Paul Kilgore - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Mayur Ramesh
Erica Herc
Kate Zenlea
Abram Burgher
Ann M. Milliken
Joseph D. Davis
Brendan Levy
Sandra Kelman
Matthew W. Doust
Denise Sample
Sandra Erickson
Shane G. Christensen
Christopher Matich
James Longe - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
John Witbeck
James T. Peterson
Alexander Clark
Gerald Kelty
Issac Pena-Renteria
Michael J. Koren
Darlene Bartilucci
Alpa Patel
Carolyn Tran
Christina Kennelly - Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Robert Brownlee
Jacob Coleman
Hala Webster
Carlos A. Fierro
Natalia Leistner
Amy Thompson
Celia Gonzalez
Lisa A. Jackson - Novavax (United States)
Janice Suyehira
Milton Haber
Maria M. Regalado
Veronica Procasky
Alisha Lutat
Carl P. Griffin
Ripley R. Hollister
Jeremy Brown
Melody Ronk
Wayne L. Harper
Lisa Cohen - Novavax (United States)
Lynn Eckert
Matthew Hong
Rambod Rouhbakhsh
Elizabeth Danford
John Johnson
Richard Calderone
Shishir K. Khetan
Oyebisi Olanrewaju
Nan Zhai
Kimberly Nieves
Allison O'Brien
Paul S. Bradley
Amanda Lilienthal
Jim Callis
Adam B. Brosz
Andrea Clement
Whitney West
Luke Friesen
Paul Cramer - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Frank S. Eder - Janssen (Belgium)
Ryan Little
Victoria Engler
Heather Rattenbury-Shaw
David J. Ensz
Allie Oplinger
Brandon J. Essink
Jay Meyer
Frederick Raiser
Kimberly Mueller
Keith W. Vrbicky
Charles Harper
Chelsie Nutsch
Wendell Lewis
Cathy Laflan
Jordan L. Whatley
Nicole Harrell
Amie Shannon
Crystal Rowell
Christopher Dedon
Mamodikoe Makhene
Gregory M. Gottschlich
Kate Harden
Melissa Gottschlich
Mary Smith
Richard Powell
Murray A. Kimmel
Simmy Pinto
Timothy P. Vachris
Mark Hutchens
Stephen Daniels - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Margaret Wells
Mimi Van Der Leden
Peta-Gay Jackson-Booth
Mira Baron
Pamela Kane
Shannen Seversen
Mara Kryvicky
Julia Lord
Jamshid Saleh
Matthew Miles - University of Mary
Rafael Lupercio
John W. McGettigan
Walter Patton
Riemke Brakema
Karin Choquette
Jonlyn McGettigan
Judith L. Kirstein
Marcia Bernard
Mary Beth Manning
Joan Rothenberg
Toby Briskin
Denise Roadman
Sharita Tedder-Edwards
Howard I. Schwartz
Surisday Mederos
Shobha Swaminathan
Amesika Nyaku
Tilly Varughese
Michelle DallaPiazza
Sharon E. Frey
Irene Graham
Getahun Abate
Daniel Hoft
Leland N. Allen
Leslie A. Edwards
William S. Davis
Jessica M. Mena
Mark E. Kutner
Jorge Caso
Maria Hernandez Moran
Marianela Carvajal
Janet Mendez
Larkin T. Wadsworth
Michael R. Adams
Leslie Iverson
Joseph L. Newberg
Laura Pearlman
Paul J. Nugent
Michele D. Reynolds
Jennifer Bashour
Robert Schmidt
Neil P. Sheth
Kenneth Steil
Ramy J. Toma
William Kirby
Pink Folmar
Samantha Williams
Paul Pickrell - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Stefanie Mott
Carol Ann Linebarger
Hussain Malbari
David Pampe
Veronica G. Fragoso
Lisa Holloway - Novavax (United States)
Cecilia McKeown-Bragas
Teresa Becker
Barton G. Williams
William H. Jones
Jesse L. Clark
Steven Shoptaw
Michele Vertucci
Will Hernandez
Stephen A. Spector - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Amaran Moodley
Jill Blumenthal
Lisa Stangl - Novavax (United States)
Karen Deutsch - University of Mary
Kathleen M. Mullane - University of Mary
David Pitrak
Cheryl Nuss
Judy Pi
Carl Fichtenbaum
Margaret Powers-Fletcher
Michelle Saemann
Sharon Kohrs
Thomas B. Campbell
Andrew Lauria
Jose C. Mancilla
Hillary Dunlevy
Richard M. Novak
Andrea Wendrow
Scott Borgetti
Ben Ladner
Lisa Chrisley - Novavax (United States)
Cheryl Young
Susanne Doblecki-Lewis
Maria L. Alcaide
Jose Gonzales-Zamora
Stephen Morris - Brigham and Women's Hospital
David Wohl
Joseph Eron
Ian Frank - Janssen (United States)
Debora Dunbar
David Metzger
Florence Momplaisir
Judith Martin - University of California System
Alejandro Hoberman
Timothy Shope
Gysella Muniz
Richard Rupp
Amber Stanford
Megan Berman
Laura Porterfield
Michael Lewis
Elham Ghadishah
Joseph Yusin
Mai Pham
Clarence B. Creech
Shannon Walker
Stephanie Rolsma
Robert Samuels
Isaac Thomsen
Spyros A. Kalams
Greg Wilson
Gregg H. Lucksinger
Kevin Parks
Ryan Israelsen
Jaleh Ostovar
Kary Kelly
Jeffrey S. Overcash
Hanh Chu
Kia Lee - University of Mary
Luis I. De La Cruz
Steve Clemons
Elizabeth Everette
Suzanna Studdard
Gowdhami Mohan
Stefanie Tyson
Alyssa-Kay Peay
Danyel Johnson
Gregory J. Feldman
May-Yin Suen
Jacqueline Muenzner
Joseph Boscia
Farhan Siddiqui
John Sanders
James Peacock - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Julio Nasim
Michael L. Levin
Julie Hussey
Marcy Kulic
Mark M. McKenzie
Teresa Deese
Erica Osmundsen
Christy Sweet
Valentine M. Ebuh
Elwaleed Elnagar
Georgette Ebuh
Genevieve Iwuala
Laurie J. Han-Conrad
Todd Simmons
Denis Tarakjian
Jeremy Ackermann
Mark S. Adams
José O. Alemán
Mohamed S. Al-Ibrahim
David R. Andes
Jeb Andrews
Roberto C. Arduino
Martín Bäcker - University of California System
Diana Badillo
Emma Bainbridge - University of Limpopo
Teresa A. Batteiger
Jose A. Bazan
Roger J. Bedimo
Jorge A. Benitez
Annette R. Bennett
David I. Bernstein
Kristin Bialobok
Rebecca Boas
Judith Brady
Cynthia Brown - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Catherine A. Bunce
Robert S. Call
Wesley Campbell
Ellie Carmody
Christopher Carpenter
Steven E. Carsons
Marvin Castellon
Mario Castro
Hannah Catan
Jennifer Chang
Mouna G. Chebib
Corey M. Chen
Margaret Cheng
Brian D.W. Chow
Annie Ciambruschini
Joseph P. Connor
James H. Conway
Maureen Cooney
Marcel Curlin
Claudia De La Matta Rodriguez
Jon F. Dedon
Emily Degan
Michelle Dickey
Craig Dietz
Jennifer L. Dong
Brenda Dorcely
Michael P. Dube
Carmel B. Dyer
Benjamin Eckhardt
Edward Ellerbeck
Evan C. Ewers
Amy Falk
Brittany Feijoo
Uriel R. Felsen
Tom Fiel
David Fitz-Patrick
Charles M. Fogarty
Stacy Ford
Lina M. Forero
Elizabeth Formentini
Doris Franco-Vitteri
Robert W. Frenck
Elie Gharib
Suzanne Gharib
Rola G. Rucker
James N. Goldenberg
Luis H. González
Brett Gray - South African Medical Research Council
Rusty Greene
Robert M. Grossberg
Juan V. Guanira-Carranza
Alfredo Gilberto Guerreros Benavides
Clint C. Guillory
Shauna H. Gunaratne
David Halpert
Holli Hamilton
William R. Hartman
Sheryl L. Henderson
Ramin Herati
Laura Hernandez Guarin
Robin Hilder
Ken Ho - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Leila Hojat
Sybil G. Hosek
Jeffrey M. Jacobson
Melanie Jay
Diane H. Johnson
Kathleen S. Jones
Edward C. Jones-López
Jessica E. Justman
Scott Kahney
Lois Katz
Melinda Katz
Daniel Kaul
Michael C. Keefer
Ashley Kennedy
Jennifer Knishinsky
Laura Kogelman
Susan L. Koletar
Angelica Kottkamp
Maryrose Laguio-Vila
Raphael J. Landovitz
Jessica L. Lee - University of Mary
Albert Liu
Eneyda Giuvanela Llerena Zegarra
Anna S. Lok
James Lovell
Ronald Lubelchek
John Lucaj
Gary Luckasen
Annie Luetkemeyer
Njira Lucia Lugogo
Janine Maenza
Carlos Malvestutto
Monica Mauri
Ryan C. Maves
Kenneth H. Mayer
Michael J. McCartney
Margaret E. McCort
M. Juliana McElrath
Meredith McNairy
Fernando L. Merino
Eric A. Meyerowitz - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Carol L. Mitchell
Cynthia L. Monaco - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Sauda Muhammad
Sigridh Muñoz-Gómez
Sonal Munsiff
Paul Nee - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Nicole L. Nollen
Asif Noor
Claudio Nuñez Lagos
Jason F. Okulicz
Patrick A. Oliver
Jessica Ortega
Steven Palmer
Lalitha Parameswaran
Purvi Parikh
Susan Parker
Reza Parungao
Juana R. Pavie
Rebecca P. Madan
Henry Peralta
Jennifer Petts
Kristen K. Pierce
E. Javier Pretell Alva
Lawrence J. Purpura
Vanessa Raabe
Sergio E. Recuenco
Tamara Richards
Sharon A. Riddler
Barbara Rizzardi
Rachel Rokser
Charlotte-Paige Rolle
Adam Rosen
Jeffrey Rosen
Lena R. Freese
María E. Santolaya
Linda M. Schipani
Adam Schwartz
Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt
Hyman Scott
Beverly E. Sha
Shivanjali Shankaran
Adrienne E. Shapiro
Stephan C. Sharp
Bo Shopsin - University of Limpopo
Matthew D. Sims
Stephanie Skipper
Derek M. Smith
Michael J. Smith
M. Mahdee Sobhanie
Brit Sovic
Stephanie Sterling
Robert Striker
Karla Beatriz Tafur Bances
Kawsar R. Talaat
Edward M. Tavel
Hong V. Tieu
Christian Tomaszewski
Ryan Tomlinson
Juan P. Torres
Julian A. Torres
John J. Treanor
Sade Tukuru
Robert J. Ulrich
Gregory C. Utz
Veronica Viar
Roberto A. Viau Colindres
Edward E. Walsh - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Mary C. Walsh
Emmanuel B. Walter
Jessica L. Weidler
Yi H. Wu
Kinara S. Yang
Juan Luis Yrivarren Giorza
Arthur L. Zemanek
Kevin Zhang
Barry S. Zingman
Richard Gorman
Carmen A. Paez
Edith Swann
Simbarashe G. Takuva
Alex Greninger
Pavitra Roychoudhury
Robert W. Coombs
Keith R. Jerome
Flora Castellino
Xiaomi Tong
Corrina Pavetto
Teletha Gipson
Tina Tong - Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Marina Lee - University of Mary
James Zhou
Michael Fay
Kelly McQuarrie
Chimeremma Nnadi
Obiageli Sogbetun
Nina Ahmad
Ian De Proost - AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
Cyrus Hoseyni
Paul Coplan - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Najat Khan
Peter Ronco - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Dawn Furey
Jodi Meck
Johan Vingerhoets
Boerries Brandenburg
Jerome Custers
Jenny Hendriks
Jarek Juraszek
Anne Marit de Groot
Griet Van Roey
Dirk Heerwegh
Ilse Van Dromme
Jorge F. Méndez Galván
Monica B. Carrascal
Adriana Sordo Duran
Laura Ruy Sanchez Guerrero
Martha Cecilia Gómora Madrid
Alejandro Quintín Barrat Hernández
Sharzhaad Molina Guizar
Denisse Alejandra González Estrada
Silvano Omar Martínez Pérez
Zindy Yazmín Zárate Hinojosa
Guillermo Miguel Ruiz-Palacios
Aurelio Cruz-Valdez
Janeth Pacheco-Flores
Anyela Lara
Secia Díaz-Miralrio
María José Reyes Fentanes
Jocelyn Zuleica Olmos Vega
Daniela Pineda Méndez
Karina Cano Martínez
Winniberg Stephany Alvarez León
Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera
Eduardo Gabriel Vázquez Saldaña
Laura Julia Camacho Choza
Karen Sofia Vega Orozco
Sandra Janeth Ortega Domínguez
Jorge A. Chacón
Juan J. Rivera
Erika A. Cutz
Maricruz E. Ortegón
María I. Rivera
David Browder
Cortney Burch
Terri Moye
Paul Bondy
Lesley Browder
Rickey D. Manning
James W. Hurst
Rodney E. Sturgeon
Paul H. Wakefield
John A. Kirby
James Andersen - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Szheckera Fearon
Rosa Negron
Amy Medina
John M. Hill
Vivek Rajasekhar
Hayes Williams
LaShondra Cade
Rhodna Fouts
Connie Moya
Corey G. Anderson
Naomi Devine
James Ramsey - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Ashley Perez
David Tatelbaum
Michael Jacobs
Kathleen Menasche - University of Mary
Vincent Mirkil
Peter J. Winkle
Amina Z. Haggag
Michelle Haynes
Marysol Villegas
Sabina Raja
Robert Riesenberg
Stanford Plavin
Mark Lerman
Leana Woodside
Maria Johnson
Jennifer A. Whitaker
Wendy A. Keitel
Robert L. Atmar
Gary Horwith
Robin Mason
Lisa Johnson - Novavax (United States)
Tambra Dora
Deborah Murray
Logan Ledbetter
Beverly Ewing
Kathryn E. Stephenson
Chen S. Tan
Rebecca Zash
Jessica L. Ansel
Kate Jaegle
Caitlin J. Guiney
Jeffrey A. Henderson
Marcia O'Leary
Kendra Enright
Jill Kessler
Pete Ducheneaux - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Asha Inniss
Donald M. Brandon
William B. Davis
Daniel T. Lawler
Yaa D. Oppong
Ryan P. Starr
Scott N. Syndergaard
Rozeli Shelly
Mashrur Islam Majumder
Danny Sugimoto
Jeffrey Dugas
Dolores Rijos
Sandra Shelton
Stephan Hong
Howard Schwartz
Nelia Sanchez-Crespo
Jennifer Schwartz
Terry Piedra
Barbara Corral
Carmen Medina
Michael E. Dever
Mitul Shah
Michael Delgado
Tameika Scott
Lisa S. Usdan
Lora J. McGill
Valerie K. Arnold
Carolyn Scatamacchia
Codi M. Anthony
Rajan Merchant
Anelgine C. Yoon
Janet Hill
Lucy Ng-Price
Teri Thompson-Seim
Ronald Ackerman
Jamie Ackerman
Florida Aristy
Nzeera Ketter
Jon Finley
Mildred Stull
Monica Murray
Zainab Rizvi
Sonia Guerrero
Yogesh K. Paliwal
Amit Paliwal
Sarah Gordon
Bryan Gordon
Cynthia Montano-Pereira - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Christopher Galloway
Candice Montros
Lily Aleman
Samira Shairi
Wesley Van Ever
George H. Freeman
Esther L. Harmon
Marshall A. Cross
Kacie Sales
Catherine Q. Gular
Matthew Hepburn - University of Mary
Nathan Alderson
Shana Harshell
Siham Mahgoub
Celia Maxwell
Thomas Mellman - University of California System
Karl M. Thompson
Glenn Wortman
Jeff Kingsley
April Pixler
LaKondria Curry
Sarah Afework
Austin Swanson
Jeffry Jacqmein
Maggie Bowers
Dawn Robison
Victoria Mosteller
Janet Garvey
Mary Easley
Rebecca J. Kurnat
Raymond Cornelison
Shanda Gower
William Schnitz
Destiny S. Heinzig-Cartwright
Derek Lewis
Fred E. Newton
Aeiress Duhart
Breanz Watkins
Brandy Ball
Jill York
Shelby Pickle
David B. Musante
William P. Silver
Linda R. Belhorn
Nicholas A. Viens
David Dellaero
Priti Patel
Kendra Lisec
Beth Safirstein
Luz Zapata
Lazaro Gonzalez
Evelyn Quevedo
Farah Irani
Joseph Grillo
Amy Potts
Julie White
Patrick Flume
Gary Headden
Brandie Taylor
Ashley Warden
Amy Chamberlain
Robert Jeanfreau
Susan Jeanfreau
Paul G. Matherne - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Amy Caldwell
Jessica Stahl
Mandy Vowell
Lauren Newhouse - University of Mary
Vladimir Berthaud
Zudi-Mwak Takizala
Genevieve Beninati
Kimberly Snell
Sherrie Baker
James Walker - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Tavane Harrison
Meagan Miller
Janet Otto
Roni Gray - South African Medical Research Council
Christine Wilson
Tiffany Nemecek
Hannah Harrington
Sally Eppenbach
Tana Bourgeois
Lyndsea Folsom
Gregory Holt
Mehdi Mirsaeidi
Rafael Calderon
Paola Lichtenberger
Jalima Quintero
Becky Martinez
Lilly Immergluck
Erica Johnson
Austin Chan
Norberto Fas
LaTeshia Thomas-Seaton
Saadia Khizer
Jonathan Staben
Tatiana Beresnev
Maryam Jahromi
Mary A. Marovich
Julia Hutter
Martha Nason
Julie Ledgerwood
John Mascola
Mark Leibowitz
Fernanda Morales
Mike Delgado
Rosario Sanchez
Norma Vega
Germán Áñez
Gary Albert
Erin Coston
Chinar Desai
Haoua Dunbar
Mark Eickhoff
Jenina Garcia
Margaret Kautz
Angela Lee - University of Mary
Maggie Lewis
Alice McGarry
Irene McKnight
Joy Nelson
Patrick Newingham
Patty Price-Abbott
Patty Reed
Diana Vegas
Bethanie Wilkinson
Katherine Smith
Wayne Woo
Iksung Cho
Gregory M. Glenn
Filip Dubovsky
David L. Fried
Lynne A. Haughey
Ariana C. Stanton
Lisa Stevens Rameaka
David Rosenberg
Lee Tomatsu - University of Mary
Viviana Gonzalez
Millie Manalo
Bernard Grunstra
Donald Quinn
Phillip Claybrook
Shelby Olds
Amy Dye
Kevin D. Cannon
Mesha M. Chadwick
Bailey Jordan
Morgan Hussey
Hannah Nevarez
Colleen F. Kelley
Michael Chung
Caitlin Moran
Paulina Rebolledo
Christina Bacher - Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
Elizabeth Barranco-Santana
Jessica Rodriguez - University of South Florida
Rafael Mendoza
Karen Ruperto - University of Mary
Odette Olivieri
Enrique Ocaña
Paul E. Wylie
Renea Henderson
Natasa Jenson
Fan Yang
Amy Kelley
Kenneth Finkelstein
David Beckmann
Tanya Hutchins
Sebastian Garcia Escallon
Kristen Johnson
Teresa S. Sligh
Parul Desai
Vincent Huynh
Carlos Lopez
Erika Mendoza
Jeffrey Adelglass
Jerome G. Naifeh
Kristine J. Kucera
Waseem Chughtai
Shireen H. Jaffer
Matthew G. Davis
Jennifer Foley
Michelle L. Burgett
Tammi L. Shlotzhauer
Sarah M. Ingalsbe-Geno
Daniel Duncanson
Kelly Kush
Lori Nesbitt
Cora Sonnier
Jennifer McCarter
Michael B. Butcher
James Fry - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Donna Percy
Karen Freudemann - University of Mary
Bruce C. Gebhardt
Padma N. Mangu
Debra B. Schroeck
Rajesh K. Davit
Gayle D. Hennekes
Benjamin J. Luft
Melissa Carr
Sharon Nachman
Alison Pellecchia
Candace Smith
Bruno Valenti
Maria I. Bermudez
Noris Peraita
Ernesto Delgado
Alicia Arrazcaeta
Natalie Ramirez
Carmen Amador
Horacio Marafioti
Lyly Dang
Lauren Clement - University of Mary
Jennifer Berry
Mohammed Allaw
Georgettea Geuss
Chelsea Miles
Zachary Bittner
Melody Werne
Cornell Calinescu
Shannon Rodman
Joshua Rindt
Erin Cooksey
Kristina Harrison
Deanna Cooper
Manisha Horton
Amanda Philyaw
William Jennings
Hilario Alvarado
Michele Baka
Malina Regalado
Linda Murray
Sherif Naguib
Justin Singletary
Sha-Wanda Richmond
Sarah Omodele
Emily Oppenheim
Reuben Martinez
Victoria Andriulis
Leonard Singer
Jeanne Blevins
Meagan Thomas
Christine Hull
Tracy Okonya
Isabel Pereira
Gina Rivero
Frances Downing
Paulina Miller
Margaret Rhee
Katherine Stapleton
Jeffrey Klein
Rosamond Hong
Suzanne Swan
Tami Wahlin
Elizabeth Bennett
Amy Salzl
Sharine Phan
Jewel J. White
Amanda Occhino
Ruth Paiano
Morgan McLaughlin
Elisa Swieboda
Veronica Garcia-Fragoso
Maria G. Becerra
Toni White
Christine B. Turley
Andrew McWilliams
Tiffany Esinhart
Natasha Montoya
Shamika Huskey
Leena Paul - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Karen Tashima - University of Mary
Jennie Johnson
Marguerite Neill
Martha Sanchez
Natasha Rybak
Maria Mileno
Stuart H. Cohen
Monica Ruiz
Dean M. Boswell
Elizabeth E. Robison
Trina L. Reynolds
Sonja Neumeister
Carmen D. Zorrilla
Juana Rivera
Jessica Ibarra
Iris García
Dianca Sierra
Wanda Ramon
Suzanne Fiorillo
Rebecca Pitotti
Victoria R. Anderson
Nga Le - University of Mary
Patricia L. Winokur
Dilek Ince
Theresa Hegmann
Jeffrey Meier
Jack Stapleton
Laura Stulken
Monica McArthur
Andrea Berry
Milagritos Tapia
Elizabeth Hammershaimb
Toni Robinson
Rosa MacBryde
Susan Kline
Joanne L. Billings
Winston Cavert
Les B. Forgosh
Timothy W. Schacker
Tyler D. Bold
Dima Dandachi
Taylor Nelson
Andres Bran
Grant Geiger
S. Hasan Naqvi
Diana F. Florescu
Richard Starlin
David Kline
Andrea Zimmer
Anum Abbas
Natasha Wilson
Michael Sciaudone
A. Lina Rosengren
John S. Kizer
Sarah E. Rutstein
Elizabeth Bruce
Claudia Espinosa
Lisa J. Sanders
Kami Kim
Denise Casey
Barbara S. Taylor
Thomas Patterson - University of California System
Ruth S. Pinilla
Delia Bullock
Philip Ponce
Jan Patterson - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
R. Scott McClelland
Dakotah C. Lane
Anna Wald
Frank James - Fred Hutch Cancer Center
Elizabeth Duke
Kirsten Hauge
Jessica Heimonen
Erin A. Goecker
Youyi Fong
Carol Kauffman
Kathleen Linder - University of Mary
Kimberly Nofz
Andrew McConnell
Robert J. Buynak
Angella Webb
Taryn Petty
Stephanie Andree
Erica Sanchez
Nolan Mackey
Clarisse Baudelaire
Sarah Dzigiel
Adrienna Marquez
Kim Quillin
Michelle King
Vanessa Abad
Jennifer Knowles
Michael Waters
Karla Zepeda
Jordan Coslet
Dalia Tovar
Marian E. Shaw
Mark A. Turner
Cory J. Huffine
Esther S. Huffine
Julie A. Ake
Elizabeth Secord
Eric McGrath - University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Phillip Levy
Brittany Stewart
Charnell Cromer
Ayanna Walters
Grant Ellsworth
Caroline Greene
Sarah Galloway
Shashi Kapadia
Elliot DeHaan
Clint Wilson
Jason Milligan
Danielle Raley
Joseph Bocchini
Bruce McClenathan
Mary Hussain
Evelyn Lomasney
Evelyn Hall
Sherry Lamberth
Christy Schmeck
Vickie Leathers
NIAID-funded COVID-19 Prevention Network (CoVPN)
Deborah A. Theodore
Angela R. Branche
Daniel S. Graciaa
Timothy J. Hatlen
Jacqueline Miller
Jerald Sadoff
Ann R. Falsey
Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: EBioMedicine, Vol.96, 104799
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104799
PMID: 37738833
PMCID: PMC10518569
NLM abbreviation: EBioMedicine
ISSN: 2352-3964
eISSN: 2352-3964
Publisher: Elsevier B.V
Grant note: National Institutes of Health (https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002)
Language: English
Date published: 10/2023
Academic Unit: Microbiology and Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Medicine Administration; Internal Medicine; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Record Identifier: 9984466771302771

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