Journal article
Rural Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients More Likely to Receive Bystander CPR: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Prehospital emergency care, Vol.29(8), pp.1104-1110
11/17/2025
DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2024.2443478
PMID: 39688931
Abstract
Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) remains lower in rural areas. Longer Emergency Medical Services (EMS) response times suggests that rural OHCA survival may need to rely more on early bystander intervention. This study compares the rates of bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) between rural and urban areas and examines societal factors associated with bystander CPR.
This study was a retrospective cohort study using merged county-level data from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) sample from 2019 and 2020, the 2019 American Community Survey, and the Bureau of Health Care Workforce data. We included all adults (age ≥ 18) with OHCA who were treated by an EMS clinician reporting data to NEMSIS, with the primary exposure of OHCA rurality, and the primary outcome of bystander CPR by a member of the public. Rurality was assigned using the Rural Urban Commuting Area code associated with the OHCA location. Cases were excluded if there was an indication for witnesses identified as health care personnel, the incident occurred at a health care site, or geographical data were not available. The association between patient- and community-level covariates and bystander CPR were measured using generalized estimating equations to model the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), clustering on county.
A total of 99,171 OHCA patients were identified and 60.9% (n = 60,380) received bystander CPR. Patients with OHCA living in isolated small rural towns (aOR: 1.57, 95%CI: 1.28-1.91) were more likely to have bystander CPR when compared to those living in urban cities. The odds of bystander CPR was lower in counties with larger populations of those without high school diplomas (e.g., >15% vs ≤6%, aOR: 0.56; 95%CI: 0.51-0.61), non-Caucasian populations (e.g., >40% vs ≤10%, aOR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76-0.91), and older populations (e.g., >14% vs ≤9%, aOR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.74-0.91).
We observed lower rates of bystander CPR in communities with lower education, higher rates of non-Caucasian populations, and older populations. Our findings emphasize the need for public interventions in bystander CPR training to meet the needs of diverse community characteristics, and particularly in areas where EMS response times may be longer.
Details
- Title: Subtitle
- Rural Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients More Likely to Receive Bystander CPR: A Retrospective Cohort Study
- Creators
- James Hart - Mid America Emergency Physicians, Springfield, Illinois, USAJ Priyanka Vakkalanka - University of IowaUche OkoroNicholas M Mohr - University of IowaAzeemuddin Ahmed - University of Iowa
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publication Details
- Prehospital emergency care, Vol.29(8), pp.1104-1110
- DOI
- 10.1080/10903127.2024.2443478
- PMID
- 39688931
- NLM abbreviation
- Prehosp Emerg Care
- ISSN
- 1545-0066
- eISSN
- 1545-0066
- Publisher
- TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
- Grant note
- University of Iowa Department of Emergency Medicine
The University of Iowa Department of Emergency Medicine provided financial support for this study. The authors report no conflicts of interest.
- Language
- English
- Electronic publication date
- 12/17/2024
- Date published
- 11/17/2025
- Academic Unit
- Epidemiology; Emergency Medicine; Biostatistics; Anesthesia; Injury Prevention Research Center
- Record Identifier
- 9984758268602771
Metrics
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