Sensitivities to Chill Durations and No-Chill Temperatures Regulating Eclosion Responses Differ Between Rhagoletis zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its Braconid Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Wee L Yee; Robert B Goughnour; Andrew A Forbes; Joshua M Milnes; Jeffrey L Feder

doi:10.1093/ee/nvac009

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Sensitivities to Chill Durations and No-Chill Temperatures Regulating Eclosion Responses Differ Between Rhagoletis zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its Braconid Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

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Sensitivities to Chill Durations and No-Chill Temperatures Regulating Eclosion Responses Differ Between Rhagoletis zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its Braconid Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Wee L Yee, Robert B Goughnour, Andrew A Forbes, Joshua M Milnes and Jeffrey L Feder

Environmental entomology, Vol.51(2), pp.440-450

02/08/2022

DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac009

PMID: 35137031

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Abstract

Seasonal temperatures select for eclosion timing of temperate insects and their parasitoids. In western North America, the fruit fly Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae) is parasitized by the hymenopterous wasps Utetes lectoides (Gahan), an egg parasite, and Opius downesi Gahan, a larval parasite (both Braconidae). Eclosion of wasps should be timed with the presence of susceptible fly stages, but reports indicate U. lectoides ecloses in the absence of flies under no-chill conditions. Based on this, we tested the hypotheses that chill durations and no-chill temperatures both differentially regulate eclosion times of R. zephyria and its parasitic wasps. When fly puparia were chilled at ~3°C for 130-180 d, U. lectoides and O. downesi always eclosed on average later than flies. However, after 180-d chill, flies eclosed on average earlier than after 130- and 150-d chill, whereas eclosion times of U. lectoides and O. downesi were less or not affected by chill duration. When fly puparia were exposed to 20-22°C (no chill), U. lectoides eclosed before flies, with 88.9% of U. lectoides versus only 0.61% of flies eclosing. Taken together, findings show that eclosion times of flies are more sensitive to changes in chill duration than those of wasps. Flies are less sensitive than wasps to no-chill in that most flies do not respond by eclosing after no-chill while most wasps do. Our results suggest that shorter winters and longer summers due to climate change could cause mismatches in eclosion times of flies and wasps, with potentially significant evolutionary consequences.

Global Warming

diapause

Utetes

snowberry

fruit fly

Details

Title: Subtitle: Sensitivities to Chill Durations and No-Chill Temperatures Regulating Eclosion Responses Differ Between Rhagoletis zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its Braconid Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Creators: Wee L Yee - USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit & Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
Robert B Goughnour - Washington State University Extension, 1919 NE 78th Street, Vancouver, WA 98665, USA
Andrew A Forbes - Department of Biology, the University of Iowa, 434A Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Joshua M Milnes - Washington State Department of Agriculture - Plant Protection Division, 21 North 1st Avenue, Suite 103, Yakima, WA 98902, USA
Jeffrey L Feder - Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Environmental entomology, Vol.51(2), pp.440-450
DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac009
PMID: 35137031
eISSN: 1938-2936
Language: English
Date published: 02/08/2022
Academic Unit: Biology; University College Courses
Record Identifier: 9984221387902771

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