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Sex, Race, and Ethnicity as Intersectional Predictors of Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Attrition
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Sex, Race, and Ethnicity as Intersectional Predictors of Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Attrition

Nicholas L Bormann, Tyler S Oesterle, Mark A Lifson, Doo-Sup Choi and Stephan Arndt
Substance abuse and rehabilitation, Vol.16(1), pp.257-269
10/31/2025
DOI: 10.2147/SAR.S543970
PMID: 41098764
url
https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S543970View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

An intersectionally-informed approach considers how personal factors such as sex, race, and ethnicity may compound to impact individuals and their health outcomes. We examined how these factors interact to influence treatment attrition in an outpatient, treatment-seeking substance use disorder population. The Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharges (2017-2021) provided de-identified data, with each outpatient treatment encounter assessed at admission and discharge, yielding a repeated cross-sectional design. The repeated admission bias was defined as the odds of total admissions relative to the odds of the first admission for each group. Discharge reasons of dropped out or terminated were coded as treatment attrition. Logistic regression assessed treatment attrition, with the interaction term assessing nonadditivity. The unadjusted model included sex, race and ethnicity, and their interaction term, and the adjusted model incorporated the state, primary substance, and age group. Of 3,934,962 admissions, 1,668,338 (42.4%) were first admissions. White males were over-represented in repeat admissions, and Latina females were 22% less likely to be readmitted. For first episode encounters, females had significantly greater treatment attrition across all groups. Sex, race, and ethnicity, and their interaction were significant in both unadjusted and adjusted models. In adjusted models, the sex difference in attrition was 1.3 percentage points for White individuals (95% CI: 1.2-1.5), but more than twice as large for Black (2.8; 95% CI: 2.5-3.2) and Latino individuals (2.8; 95% CI: 2.4-3.2). Our findings show that intersecting identities of sex, race, and ethnicity shape disparities in treatment engagement. Black and Latina females face compounded barriers to retention and re-engagement. Incorporating an intersectional perspective into addiction treatment planning and policy may help reduce attrition and improve equity in care.
 attrition disparity TEDS addiction bias encounter inequity

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