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Solar Wind Heating near the Sun: A Radial Evolution Approach
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Solar Wind Heating near the Sun: A Radial Evolution Approach

Yogesh, Leon Ofman, Kristopher G Klein, Niranjana, Mihailo Martinović, Gregory G Howes, Parisa Mostafavi, Scott A Boardsen, Viacheslav M Sadykov, Sanchita Pal, …
The Astrophysical journal, Vol.999(2), 225
03/10/2026
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae4582
url
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae4582View
Published (Version of record) Open Access

Abstract

Characterizing the plasma state in the near-Sun environment is essential to constrain the mechanisms that heat and accelerate the solar wind. In this study, we use Parker Solar Probe observations from Encounters 1 through 24 to investigate the radial evolution of solar wind plasma and magnetic field properties in this region. Using intervals with high field-of-view (>85%) coverage, we derive the radial profiles of magnetic field strength (∣B∣), proton density (N), bulk speed (V), total proton temperature (T), parallel (T∥) and perpendicular (T⊥) temperatures, temperature anisotropy (T⊥/T∥), plasma beta (β), Alfvén Mach number (MA), and magnetic field fluctuations (δB/B) for sub and super-Alfvénic regions. In super-Alfvénic regions, power laws of ∣B∣, N, V, and T as a function of the heliocentric distance are broadly consistent with previous Helios results at >0.3 au. The radial evolution of the components of the temperature tensor reveals distinct behavior: T⊥decreases monotonically with distance, whereas T∥ exhibits a nonmonotonic trend—decreasing in the sub-Alfvénic region, increasing just beyond the Alfvén surface. We interpret the increase in T∥ as a proxy for proton beam occurrence. We further examine the evolution of magnetic field fluctuations, finding decreasing radial/parallel fluctuations but enhanced tangential/normal/perpendicular fluctuations in the sunward direction. These fluctuations may provide free energy for beam generation and particle heating via wave–particle interactions.
Evolution Anisotropy Bulk density Field strength Fluctuations Free energy Heating Jupiter Mach number Magnetic fields Magnetic properties Particle interactions Proton beams Proton density (concentration) Protons Solar magnetic field Solar probes Solar wind Temperature Tensors

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