Tapping linked to function and structure in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington disease(e–Pub ahead of print)

N Bechtel; R.I Scahill; H.D Rosas; T Acharya; S.J.A van den Bogaard; C Jauffret; M.J Say; A Sturrock; H Johnson; C.E Onorato; D.H Salat; A Durr; B.R Leavitt; R.A.C Roos; G.B Landwehrmeyer; D.R Langbehn; J.C Stout; S.J Tabrizi; R Reilmann

doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182020123

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Tapping linked to function and structure in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington disease(e–Pub ahead of print)

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Tapping linked to function and structure in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington disease(e–Pub ahead of print)

N Bechtel, R.I Scahill, H.D Rosas, T Acharya, S.J.A van den Bogaard, C Jauffret, M.J Say, A Sturrock, H Johnson, C.E Onorato, …

Neurology, Vol.75(24), pp.2150-2160

12/14/2010

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182020123

PMCID: PMC3013584

PMID: 21068430

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Abstract

Objective: Motor signs are functionally disabling features of Huntington disease. Characteristic motor signs define disease manifestation. Their severity and onset are assessed by the Total Motor Score of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, a categorical scale limited by interrater variability and insensitivity in premanifest subjects. More objective, reliable, and precise measures are needed which permit clinical trials in premanifest populations. We hypothesized that motor deficits can be objectively quantified by force-transducer-based tapping and correlate with disease burden and brain atrophy. Methods: A total of 123 controls, 120 premanifest, and 123 early symptomatic gene carriers performed a speeded and a metronome tapping task in the multicenter study TRACK-HD. Total Motor Score, CAG repeat length, and MRIs were obtained. The premanifest group was subdivided into A and B, based on the proximity to estimated disease onset, the manifest group into stages 1 and 2, according to their Total Functional Capacity scores. Analyses were performed centrally and blinded. Results: Tapping variability distinguished between all groups and subgroups in both tasks and correlated with 1) disease burden, 2) clinical motor phenotype, 3) gray and white matter atrophy, and 4) cortical thinning. Speeded tapping was more sensitive to the detection of early changes. Conclusion: Tapping deficits are evident throughout manifest and premanifest stages. Deficits are more pronounced in later stages and correlate with clinical scores as well as regional brain atrophy, which implies a link between structure and function. The ability to track motor phenotype progression with force-transducer-based tapping measures will be tested prospectively in the TRACK-HD study.

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Title: Subtitle: Tapping linked to function and structure in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington disease(e–Pub ahead of print)
Creators: N Bechtel - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
R.I Scahill - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
H.D Rosas - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
T Acharya - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
S.J.A van den Bogaard - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
C Jauffret - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
M.J Say - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
A Sturrock - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
H Johnson - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
C.E Onorato - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
D.H Salat - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
A Durr - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
B.R Leavitt - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
R.A.C Roos - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
G.B Landwehrmeyer - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
D.R Langbehn - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
J.C Stout - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
S.J Tabrizi - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
R Reilmann - From the Department of Neurology (N.B., R.R.), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.I.S., M.J.S., S.J.T.), University College London, London, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology (H.D.R., C.E.O., D.H.S.), Charlestown; Harvard Medical School (H.D.R.), Charlestown, MA; Departments of Psychiatry (T.A., H.J., D.R.L.) and Biostatistics (secondary) (D.R.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Neurology (S.J.A.v.d.B., R.A.C.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S975 (C.J., A.D.), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Medical Genetics (A.S., B.R.L.), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics (A.D.), APHP Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.B.L.), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and School of Psychology and Psychiatry (J.C.S.), Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
Resource Type: Journal article
Publication Details: Neurology, Vol.75(24), pp.2150-2160
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182020123
PMID: 21068430
PMCID: PMC3013584
NLM abbreviation: Neurology
ISSN: 0028-3878
eISSN: 1526-632X
Publisher: American Academy of Neurology
Language: English
Date published: 12/14/2010
Academic Unit: Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering; Electrical and Computer Engineering; Psychiatry; Iowa Neuroscience Institute
Record Identifier: 9984004086902771

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